2. Great turtles came up out of the water, and crawled along on a sandy place. - M. THOMPSON.

3. The scheme failed for want of support.

The Love that leads the willing spheres
Along the unending track of years

And watches o'er the sparrow's nest,

Shall brood above thy winter rest.— BRYANT.

By fairy hands their knell is rung;

By forms unseen their dirge is sung. — COLLINS.

7. The little bird sits at his door in the sun. - LOWELL.

EXERCISE II.

Parse the prepositions and the adverbs in the following:

On the cross-beam under the Old South bell

The nest of a pigeon is builded well.

In summer and winter that bird is there,
Out and in with the morning air;

I love to see him track the street,
With his wary eye and active feet;
And I often watch him as he springs,
Circling the steeple with easy wings,

Till across the dial his shade has passed,

And the belfry edge is gained at last. —N. P. WILLIS.

LESSON XLVIII.

CLASSES OF CONJUNCTIONS.

I. CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS.

Find in the following examples conjunctions that connect sentences, or words, phrases, and clauses of like kind, or having the same relation to the rest of the sentence:

1. Art is long, and time is fleeting.
2. Games and carols closed the day.
3. The house was silent and deserted.

4. You see where Warren fell, and where other patriots fell with him.

Words, phrases, and clauses of like kind, or standing in the same relation to the rest of the sentence, are said to have the same construction or to be of equal rank. Conjunctions that connect sentences, or parts of sentences of equal rank, are called co-ordinating conjunctions. They may connect

I. Two independent sentences; as, Be diligent, and you will succeed. 2. Two words in the same construction; as, The minstrel was infirm and old.

3. Two phrases in the same construction; as, They are alike in voice and in manner.

4. Two dependent clauses in the same construction; as, No one could tell whence they came or whither they went.

Co-ordinating conjunctions are divided into the following classes :1. Copulative, those that join similar parts; as, and, also, besides, likewise, moreover.

2. Adversative, those that join parts opposed in meaning; as, but, yet, however, still, nevertheless, notwithstanding.

3. Alternative, those that imply a choice between two; as, either -or, neither-nor, whether-or.

4. Causal, those that express cause or consequence; as, for, therefore, hence, consequently.

Conjunctions used in pairs are called correlatives; as, bothand, either-or, neither-nor, not-but, not only-but.

Mention the dependent clause in each of the following sentences, state its use, and tell how it is joined to the principal clause. 1. I would grant your request if I could. 2. He came, because he was needed.

3. Be silent, that you may hear.

Conjunctions that connect a dependent or subordinate clause to a principal clause are called subordinating conjunctions. They denote

1. Time; as, after, before, ere, since, till, when, while, as.
2. Place; as, where, whence.

3. Manner and comparison; as, than, as.

4. Cause or reason; as, because, since, as, that, whereas.

5. End or purpose; as, that, lest.

6. Condition; as, if, unless, except.

7. Concession; as, though, although.

Certain phrases performing the office of conjunctions may be called compound conjunctions; as, but also, as well as, as if, as though.

ORDER OF PARSING CONJUNCTIONS.

To parse a conjunction,

I. Its class

2. Its use

tell

co-ordinating or subordinating.

state what it connects.

Example I. — Hear me for my cause, and be silent, that you may hear.

1. And is a co-ordinating conjunction, connecting the two independent members, "Hear me for my cause," and "be silent, that you may hear."

2. That is a subordinating conjunction, connecting the subordinate clause, "you may hear," to the principal clause, "be silent."

Example II. Is the night chilly and dark?

1. And is a co-ordinating conjunction, connecting the two adjectives chilly and dark.

EXERCISE I.

Parse the conjunctions in the following sentences, and state the relation between the connected terms:

1. My hair is gray, but not with years, Nor grew it white

In a single night,

As men's have grown from sudden fears:
My limbs are bowed, though not with toil,
But rusted with a vile repose,

For they have been a dungeon's spoil,

And mine has been the fate of those

To whom the goodly earth and air

Are banned, and barred, — forbidden fare. — BYRON.

2. Here rests his head upon the lap of earth,

A youth to fortune and to fame unknown. - Gray.

3. They deserved respect; for they were good men as well as brave. - HAWTHORNE.

4.

On either side the river lie

Long fields of barley and of rye. — TENNYSON.

5. Neither a borrower nor a lender be.

SHAKESPEARE.

6. As Cæsar loved me, I weep for him; as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was valiant, I honor him: but, as he was ambitious, I slew him. - SHAKESPEARE.

7. The test of a people is not in its occupations, but in its heroes.-T. W. HIGGINSON.

8. Then they praised him, soft and low,

Called him worthy to be loved,

Truest friend and noblest foe;

Yet she neither spoke nor moved. — TENNYSON.

9. One whole month elapsed before I knew the fate of the cargo.

10. The works of Milton cannot be comprehended or enjoyed, unless the mind of the reader co-operate with that of the writer. He does not paint a finished picture, or play for a mere passive listener. He sketches, and leaves others to fill up the outline. He strikes the key-note, and expects his hearer to make out the melody. — MACAULAY.

EXERCISE II.

Name the two leading classes of conjunctions. What is a coordinating conjunction? What is meant by words, phrases, or clauses of equal rank? Illustrate. Tell how co-ordinating conjunctions are classified, and give examples of each class.

What is a subordinating conjunction? Mention some of the different relations denoted by subordinating conjunctions, and give illustrations. What are correlative conjunctions? Give examples. Mention phrases that are used as conjunctions.