Mexican War, April 24, 1846, to May 30, 1848. New Mexico Expedition, June 30, 1846, to February, 13. 1848. Cayuse War, Oregon, Oregon Volunteers, 1848. Navajo troubles, New Mexico, 1849-1861. Continuous disturbances with Comanche, Cheyenne, Lipan and Kickapoo Indians in Texas, 1849–1861. Pitt River Expedition, California, April 28 to September 13, 1850. Yuma Expedition, California, December, 1851, to April, 1852. Utah Indian disturbance, 1851-1853. Rogue River, Yakima, Klikitat, Klamath and Salmon River Indian Wars in Oregon and Washington, 1851-1856. Winnas Expedition against Snake Indians, Oregon, May 24 to September 8, 1855. Sioux Expedition, Nebraska Territory, June to October, 1855. Yakima Expedition, Washington Territory, October 11, to November 24, 1855. Cheyenne and Arapahoe troubles, 1855-1856. Seminole or Florida War, December 20, 1855, to May 8, 1858. Gila Expedition, New Mexico, April 16 to September 16, 1857. Sioux Indian troubles in Minnesota and Iowa, March and April, 1857. Utah Expedition, 1857-1858. Kansas Border troubles, 1857-1858. Expedition against Northern Indians, Washington Territory, July 17 to October 17, 1858. Puget Sound Expedition, Washington Territory, August 10 to September 23, 1858. Spokane, Cœur d'Alene and Paloos Indian troubles in Washington Territory, 1858. Navajo Expedition, New Mexico, September 9 to December 25, 1858. Wichita Expedition, Indian Territory, September 11, 1858, to December, 1859. Colorado River Expedition, California, February 11, to April 28, 1859. Pecos Expedition, Texas, April 16 to August 17, 1859. Antelope Hills Expedition, Texas, June 10 to September 23, 1859. Bear River Expedition, Utah, June 12 to October 18, 1859. John Brown Raid, Virginia, November and December, 1859. Cortina troubles on Texas and Mexican border, 1859-1860, Kiowa and Comanche Expedition, Indian Territory, May 8 to October 11, 1860. Carson Valley Expedition, Utah, May 14 to July 15, 1860. Navajo Expedition, New Mexico, September 12, 1860, to February 24, 1861. Apache Indian War and troubles in Arizona and New Mexico, 1861-1890. War of the Rebellion, April 19, 1861, to August 20, 1866. Actual hostilities, however, commenced upon the firing on Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861, and ceased by the surrender of the Confederate forces under General Kirby Smith, May 26, 1865. Sioux Indian War in Minnesota and Dakota, 1862-1867. War against the Cheyenne, Arapahoe, Kiowa and Comanche Indians in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado and Indian Territory, 1863-1869. Indian War in Southern Oregon and Idaho, and Northern California and Nevada, 1865-1868. Fenian raid, New York and Canada Border disturbances, 1865-1866. Campaign against Lipan, Kiowa, Kickapoo and Comanche Indians and Mexican Border disturbances, 1867-1881. Canadian River Expedition, New Mexico, November 5, 1868, to February 13, 1869. Yellowstone Expedition, August 28 to October 25, 1871. Fenian troubles, Dakota and Manitoba Frontier, September and October, 1871. Modoc Campaign, November 28, 1872, to June 1, 1873. Yellowstone Expedition, Dakota, June 4 to October 4, 1873. Campaign against Kiowa, Cheyenne and Comanche Indians in Indian Territory, August 1, 1874, to February 16, 1875. Sioux Expedition, Wyoming and Nebraska, February 13, to August 19, 1874. Black Hills Expedition, Dakota, June 20 to August 30, 1874. Big Horn Expedition, Wyoming, August 13 to October, 10, 1874 Expedition against Indians in Eastern Nevada, September 7 to 27, 1875. Powder River Expedition, Wyoming, November 1 to December 31, 1876. Big Horn and Yellowstone Expeditions, Wyoming and Montana, February 17, 1876, to June 13, 1877 War with Northern Cheyenne and Sioux Indians in Indian Territory, Kansas, Wyoming, Dakota, Nebraska and Montana, 1876-1879. Labor strikes in Pennsylvania and Maryland, July to October, 1877. Nez Perce Campaign, June 14 to October 5, 1877. Ute Expedition, Colorado, April 3 to September 9, 1878. Snake or Sheepeater Indian troubles, Oregon and Washington, 1879. Disturbances of settlers in Indian and Oklahoma Territories, "Oklahoma Boomers," and the Cherokee Strip disturbances, 1879-1894. Ute Indian Campaign in Colorado and Utah, September 21, 1879, to November 8, 1880. Chinese Miner and Labor troubles in Wyoming, September and October, 1885. Sioux Indian disturbances in South Dakota, November, 1890, to January, 1891. Garzia troubles, Texas and Mexican Border disturbances, 1891-1893. Miner disturbances in Idaho, July to November, 1892. "Industrial Army," "Commonwealers," "Coxeyites" and Labor disturbances, 1894. Railroad, Pullman and Labor strikes extending from Illinois to Pacific Coast, June to August, 1894. Bannock Indian troubles, July and August, 1895. STATE BOUNDARY DISPUTES. HE recent settlement of the Missouri-Iowa boundary by a commission under appointment of the United States Supreme Court calls attention to similar events in the history of our country. One of these events is worthy of more than passing notice because of its prominence for more than two and a half centuries. In 1630 a colony of Hollanders made a settlement upon the Delaware near the present site of Lewes, Delaware. The settlement was destroyed by Indians three years later. In 1637 the Swedish West India Company purchased the lands from Cape Henlopen as far north as Trenton, New Jersey. The Dutch disputed the settlement and built a fort at New Castle, Delaware, which the Swedes captured in 1654, but were dispossessed the following year. In 1664 as a result of the possession of New Netherlands by the English, the Duke of York became proprietor of the territory held by the Dutch. In 1682 William Penn, who had obtained the grant of Pennsylvania, purchased from the Duke of York his claim to New Castle and to a piece of land extending twelve miles from New Castle in all directions and upon the south to the sea. Penn then attached this newly acquired territory, divided into three counties, now known as Delaware, to Pennsylvania. But he found a rival claimant in the family of Lord Baltimore, who rested his claim upon a charter given Lord Balti more about the year 1628, and renewed to his son in 1632. This charter covered the entire States of Maryland and Delaware. The charter named the lands granted as those "hitherto uncultivated." Penn claimed that the lands he had purchased of the Duke of York had been cultivated before the charter was given Lord Baltimore, since in 1630, a colony of Dutch had settled upon Delaware soil. The Calverts and the descendants of Penn were thus involved in a long continued legal contest before the English courts. It was at last determined that the lands in dispute should be equally divided. A very peculiar method of division was determined upon. I. A circle of twelve miles radius was to be drawn around New Castle (Old Fort Casimir), as per agreement of Penn with the Duke of York. 2. A base line to be run due east and west was to be established across the peninsula between the Cheaspeake and the Delaware bays, what is now the southern line of Delaware. 3. From the center of this base line, the southwest corner of Delaware, a line was to be run as tangent to the circle about New Castle. 4. From the point of tangency a line was to be run due north to the parallel fifteen miles south of Philadelphia. 5. From this point of intersection westward a line was to be drawn as far as the boundaries of Maryland and Pennsylvania extended. Delaware thus became Penn's, and Maryland Calvert's property. After some delay in settling details local surveyors began the work, but before its completion Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon came from England in 1767 to supervise the survey, and they ran the east and west line along the parallel of 39° 43' to a point 244 miles west of the Delaware river where they were stopped by the Indians. This line is known as Mason and Dixon's line and so far as it extends marks the dividing line between Free Pennsylvania and Slave Maryland, though it was not designed as a dividing line between freedom and slavery as some people have been led to believe. A little later the arc was surveyed which marks the northern limit of Penn's three Delaware counties, but it so happened that a |