dental expenses. Of the latter amount an allotment of $14,500 was made to the Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum. This amount was afterwards increased by $1,700. Dr. Frederick W. True was designated representative of the Institution and the Museum on the Government board of management. Mr. W. V. Cox was made special agent in charge of the exhibit, and was afterwards also selected as secretary of the Government board. Exhibits were prepared by 18 departments and sections of the Museum, and were shipped to Nashville in the latter part of April, 1897, the Exposition opening on May 1. A detailed statement regarding the participation by the Institution and its dependencies in this Exposition will be presented in the report for 1898.

Foreign exchanges.-Exchanges of specimens have been made with a number of foreign museums. Among them may be named the Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa; Australian Museum, Sidney, New South Wales; Berlin Zoological Museum, Berlin, Germany; Botanical Gardens, Calcutta, India; Branicki Museum, Varsovie, Russia; British Museum, London, England; Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand; Manchester Museum, Manchester, England; Museum of Natural History, Paris, France; Museum of Natural History, Lyons, France; Museum of Natural History, Genoa, Italy; Museum of Natural History, Geneva, Switzerland; Provincial Museum, Victoria, British Columbia; Royal Zoological Museum, Turin, Italy; St. John's College, Shanghai, China; Zoologiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark; Zurich Botanical Gardens, Zurich, Switzerland. Exchanges of interest and value have also been made with individuals, among whom may be named Mr. A. Batalin, St. Petersburg, Russia; Mr. Stefan Chernel von Chernelháza, Köszeg, Hungary; Mr. C. Copineau, Doullens, Somme, France; Dr. Wheelton Hind, Stoke-uponTrent, England; Prof. Wilhelm Leche, Stockholm, Sweden; Mr. J. de Morgan, Gizeh Museum, Egypt; Mr. Victor Ritter von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen, Hallein, Germany. Publications.-The Report of the Museum for 1894 was published during the year, and on June 30 the Report for 1895 was practically all in type.

Volume 18 of the Proceedings was issued in bound form. About twenty papers belonging to Volume 19 were published separately, and advance sheets of three papers, to be included in Volume 20, appeared during the year.

In the series of Bulletins two numbers have been issued-No. 47, the first part of an elaborate work entitled, "The Fishes of North and Middle America," by David Starr Jordan and Barton W. Evermann; and No. 49, "A Bibliography of the Published Writings of Philip Lutley Sclater," by the late Dr. G. Brown Goode.

Two important monographs have been issued as special bulletins. The first of these (Special Bulletin No. 2) consists of a work on the deep sea and pelagic fishes of the world, by Drs. G. Brown Goode and Tarleton H. Bean. This volume contains 553 pages and is accompanied by an atlas of 123 plates. The second (Special Bulletin No. 3) constitutes the second volume of Major Bendire's "Life Histories of North American Birds,” and contains 518 pages and seven colored plates.

Explorations.-Dr. William L. Abbott has extended his travels into Lower Siam, and as the result of his explorations the Museum has already received two very large and exceedingly valuable collections, including natural history specimens and ethnological objects. Many of the mammals were obtained at high altitudes, and all of the material is of a peculiarly interesting character.

Additional collections of ethnological objects from Arizona and New Mexico have been received from Mr. J. Walter Fewkes. A specimen of Canyon Diablo meteorite was also obtained and forwarded by him.

Dr. David Starr Jordan, president of the Leland Stanford Junior University, transmitted, in behalf of the Fur Seal Commission, a collection of natural history specimens obtained in Japan and Bering Sea.

Prof. O. F. Cook obtained during his travels in Africa valuable collections of flowers, ferns, etc., which have been added to the herbarium.

Collections of mammals, plants, invertebrates, and other natural history specimens,

were made by Dr. E. A. Mearns, United States Army, in connection with his explorations in New York, Minnesota, Virginia, and Maryland, and these have been transmitted by him to the National Museum.

Collections of natural history specimens obtained by the Fish Commission steamers Albatross and Fish Hawk, and by field parties sent out by the Fish Commission, have been received during the year. Important collections have been transferred to the Museum by the Department of Agriculture. The United States Geological Survey has sent in large collections from all parts of the country, including material obtained by the Fortieth Parallel Survey. Respectfully submitted.

Mr. S. P. LANGLEY,

CHAS. D. WALCOTT,

Acting Assistant Secretary in charge of the
United States National Museum.

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

AUGUST 1, 1897.

APPENDIX II.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1897.

SIR: Ethnologic researches have been conducted during the fiscal year in accordance with the act of Congress making provision "for continuing researches relating to the American Indians, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution," approved June 11, 1896.

The researches have been carried forward in accordance with a plan of operations submitted on June 13, 1896. The field operations of the regular officers of the Bureau have extended into Arizona, Indian Territory, Iowa, Maine, New Brunswick, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, and Ontario, and operations have been carried on by special agents in California, Colorado, Idaho, Oregon, Utah, and Washington, as well as in British Columbia and different provinces in Argentina, Chile, and Mexico. The office researches have dealt with material from most of the States and from many other portions of the American continents.

The chief duty imposed on the Bureau at the outset was the classification of the Indian tribes; and, since the sciences of man were inchoate when the Bureau was instituted, this duty involved the organization of those branches of the science dealing with ethnic relations. Accordingly, a classification of ethnic science has grown up in connection with the classification of the tribes, and has been perfected from year to year; and during recent years, and particularly during the fiscal year just closed, the operations have been shaped by this classification of the subject-matter of the science. The primary lines of special research relate to (1) arts or esthetology, (2) industries or technology (including archeology), (3) institutions or sociology, (4) languages or philology, and (5) myths or sophiology, as well as the requisite classificatory work involving researches in somatology and especially in psychology. The special researches are initiated in the field and completed in the office, giving rise to (I) field research (including exploration), and (II) office research, which together constitute the original scientific work of the Bureau; while the demands of the public service and the needs of the collaborators give rise to (III) work in descriptive ethnology, (IV) bibliographic work, (V) work in collecting, (VI) publication, and (VII) concomitant administrative and miscellaneous work.

FIELD RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION.

At the beginning of the fiscal year the Director was engaged in a reconnoissance of shell mounds and other antiquities on the coast of Maine; here he was joined by Mr. Frank Hamilton Cushing, and a number of shell mounds were surveyed and excavated with success. Later in the season the Passamaquoddy Indians still living in the vicinity were studied with some care, and their industries, especially in house building, were investigated; subsequently some of the older men of the tribe were employed to collect material for and to erect an aboriginal wigwam, which was afterwards transferred to the Zoological Park at Washington.

During July and August Dr. J. Walter Fewkes was occupied in making surveys and excavations of ruins, chiefly in Arizona, with the primary object of collecting prehistoric material for the enrichment of the National Museum, but with the secondary purpose of investigating those activities of the aborigines recorded in the products of their handiwork still extant. His operations were notably successful.

SM 97-3

33

Early in July Mrs. Matilda Coxe Stevenson proceeded to Zuñi pueblo for the purpose of investigating certain ceremonies not adequately studied hitherto, to the end that they might be incorporated in her monograph on the Zuñi Indians. She remained throughout half of the fiscal year, and was able to complete her researches in a satisfactory manner. Incidentally, she obtained at Zuñi and Sia a number of sacred masks used in the peculiar religious ceremonies of the people of the pueblos, which have been transferred to the National Museum.

Toward the end of July Dr. Albert S. Gatschet repaired to eastern Maine and adjacent portions of New Brunswick in search of linguistic material among the tribesmen still living on St. Croix River. His mission was successful. A large body of vocables, paradigms, and texts representing the Passamaquoddy dialects of the Algonquian linguistic stock was secured, and he was able also to trace definitely, for the first time, the derivation of many of the peculiar place names of castern Maine. From the middle of August until the middle of December Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt was occupied in collecting material representing the languages and mythology of the Iroquoian Indians located in central New York and southern Ontario. His work was eminently productive, yielding a large amount of material of exceptional use for comparative studies in the philology and sophiology of the Indians.

Toward the end of September Mr. James Mooney repaired to Indian Territory and Oklahoma, where he spent several months in collecting information and material relating chiefly to the Kiowa Indians. The primary purpose of the trip was research concerning the peculiar heraldic system of the tribe; another purpose was the continuation of study of the use of peyote or "mescal" (a toxic plant corresponding measurably with hashish) in the ceremonies of the Kiowa, Apache, and other Indians; later in the season advantage was taken of his presence on the ground to make a collection representing the Kiowa camp-circle for exhibition at the Tennessee Centennial Exposition at Nashville.

In April Mr. W J McGee visited the Muskwaki Indian settlement near Tama, Iowa, with the object of beginning a special study of the social organization of this little-known tribe. Although preliminary only, his operations were successful. Incidentally he collected a quantity of aboriginal material for the National Museum. Early in 1896 Mr. J. B. Hatcher, of Princeton University, was commissioned as a special agent of the Bureau to obtain photographs and other data pertaining to the aborigines of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. He reached the field and commenced operations in the course of a few months, and reports of progress were received early in the fiscal year. His field work was completed in June. The photography was moderately successful only, but the pictures were supplemented by a small though interesting collection of objects representing the handiwork of these southerumost representatives of the American aborigines. The success of the work, due in part to Mr. Hatcher's energy and intrepidity, was promoted through the courtesy of various officials of Argentina and Chile, special credit being due to Dr. Estanislao Zeballos, formerly minister plenipotentiary from Argentina to the United States.

On December 17, 1891, Dr. Willis E. Everette was given an honorary commission to collect linguistic and other material among the aborigines of Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, and western Mexico, and from time to time he has submitted valuable linguistic material produced by his researches in these provinces. Especially noteworthy contributions during the year relate to the Těné or Athapascan Indians of Oregon.

Early in September Mr. E. T. Perkins, jr., of the United States Geological Survey, reported the discovery of certain remarkable Indian carvings in Snake River Valley, Idaho; and Mr. Perkins was temporarily detailed, through the courtesy of Hon. C. D. Walcott, Director of the Survey, to make studies and photographs representing these carvings. The work was completed about the close of October.

Early in 1897 Mr. H. S. Gane, of the Geological Survey, while on a temporary furlough, made a trip through the San Juan country in southwestern Colorado and

northwestern New Mexico, under a commission from the Bureau, for the purpose of reconnoitering and photographing prehistoric works. His notes and pictures were duly transmitted and have been found of special value.

The information and material obtained by means of these field operations have been utilized in large part in the preparation of reports; other portions have been added to the archives for use in prospective investigations, while most of the objective material has already been arranged in the National Museum in such manner as to be accessible for study. The scientific results of the work are set forth in other paragraphs.

OFFICE RESEARCH.

WORK IN ESTHETOLOGY.

During the greater part of the year Mr. Frank Hamilton Cushing was employed in arranging and cataloguing the remarkable collection of relics exhumed from salt marshes in western Florida during the previous fiscal year and in preparing his report for the press. The objects collected embrace a wide variety of domestic implements and utensils, weapons for use in war and the chase, fabrics for apparel and fishing, appurtenances to water craft, etc. In addition, there were many objects such as are used in primitive ceremony, comprising elaborately painted and carved masks and effigies, while many of the industrial devices are painted and carved in a manner remarkable for wealth of imagery and delicacy of execution.

An important part of Mr. Cushing's work was comparative study of the designs, in form and color, found in connection with the ceremonial and other objects; and substantial progress was made in the interpretation of the designs. Most of these are zoic. The bear, the wolf, the wild-cat, the woodpecker, and different waterfowls and aquatic animals are represented in carvings and paintings with a fidelity to detail which renders them not only readily identifiable but really artistic. Some of the effigies approach the natural size, and are attached to other articles in such manner as to indicate that they were worn as masks or crests, probably in dramatic ceremonies analogous to those of the Indians of the pueblos and other primitive peoples. These elaborate carvings are associated with wooden masks, shaped to fit the face, bearing painted and carved designs of corresponding character, but more or less conventionized in form and color. The realistic or partially conventionized forms displayed on the masks are imitated not only on other ceremonial objects but also on the industrial devices, and the degree of conventionism increases as the representations are reduced in size or distorted to fit forms determined by various conditions, so that an unbroken series of stages in the development of convention may be traced all the way from the essentially realistic representation of the animal head to the design carved on the arrowshaft or tomahawk handle, which, at first sight, would seem to be decorative merely.

The sequence displayed in these esthetic designs is, indeed, paralleled in other collections; but the remarkably rich assemblage of aboriginal handiwork from the Floridian salt marshes, in which such perishable materials as wood, bone, plant fiber, feather work, paint, and even leathern thongs are preserved, is especially noteworthy for the completeness of the sequence and the large number of links represented. Accordingly the series of objects would seem to establish the view already advocated by different collaborators of the Bureau that higher esthetic decoration originates in symbolism, which may gradually be transformed through conventionizing, either in the interests of economy or to meet other industrial conditions.

During the previous year Dr. J. Walter Fewkes made a collection of fictile ware and other aboriginal material among the ruins of Arizona and New Mexico, which was regarded as rich beyond precedent. During the year just closed he made explorations yielding a still larger body of material, which has been subjected to preliminary study, and has already been arranged in the Museum. As during the preceding year, fictile ware was the predominant material. This ware is characterized by symbolic and decorative designs, represented sometimes by modeling or by inscribed