and

ADIAPNEU'STIA, from a, not, diaria, to perspire. In medicine, diminution or obstruction of perspiration. ADIARRHEA, from a, not, and diaggia, to flow through. In medicine, suppression of any of the natural evacuations.

AD INFINITUM, a Latin phrase, meaning indefinitely, or to infinity.

AD INQUIRENDUM, a writ to command inquiry concerning something connected with a cause in a court of law.

ADIPOCERATION, the process of being converted into adipocere.

ADIPOCERE, from adeps, fat, and cera AD'IPOCIRE, (Fr. cire), wax. A peculiar substance, intermediate between fat and wax, and closely resembling spermaceti. It results from the spontaneous

conversion of animal matter when ex

posed to running water, or more speedily by maceration in dilute nitric acid. It is produced also, but not so rapidly, by heaping together large masses of animal matter; as was exemplified, on an immense scale, on the removal of the bodies from the Cimetière des Innocens in Paris, in 1787. When the coffin-lids were taken off, the bodies were found flattened into irregular masses of soft, ductile, greyishwhite matter, resembling common white cheese. All the soft parts were converted into this substance; the bones were frangible; and no trace of viscera remained: all were confused together, and blended in a common mass of adipocere.

ADIPOCERE-MINERAL, a fatty mineral matter, found in the argillaceous iron ore of Merthyr: inodorous when cold, but when heated it emits a slightly bitumi

nous odour. Fuses at 160° Fah.

ADIPOSE, Lat. adiposus, from adeps, ADIPOUS, fatty: e. g. the adipose membrane is the tissue containing the fat in its cells in the animal body: the adipose ducts contain the fat.

ADIP'SY, Gr. ada. In medicine, absence of thirst; mostly symptomatic of brain diseases.

ALIP'SON, from a, not, and dafa, thirst. A medicine which allays thirst, e. g. liquorice.

ADIT, Lat. aditus, from ad and eo, to go. The horizontal entrance to a mine, sometimes called the drift. It is usually made in the side of a hill. The term is often used as synonymous with air-shaft.

ADJACENT-ANGLE, in geometry, an angle immediately contiguous to another, so that one side is connected to both angles. AD'JECTIVE, Lat. adjectivum quasi adjunctivum. Adjective colours, in dyeing, are such as require to be fixed by some base or mordant.

official body intermits its business. The close of a session of parliament is called a prorogation: the close of a parliament is for a definite time is an adjournment. a dissolution; an intermission of business Parliament has the privilege of adjourning itself, but its prorogation is the act of the sovereign.

determining judicially. 1. The decision ADJUDICATION, the act of trying and

of a court.2. In Scotch law, an action by estate of his debtor, or his debtor's heir, which a creditor attaches the heritable in security of the payment of the debt; heritable right, labouring under a defect or an action by which the holder of an Transferring the property of a thing soid of form, may supply that defect.-3. by auction to the highest bidder.

adjungo, to join to. 1. Literally, someADJUNCT, Lat. adjunctus, joined, from thing added to another, but not essentially a part of it, e. g. water in a sponge is an adjunct to the sponge.2. In metaphysics, a quantity of a body, or of the colour, weight, form, &c. in the body, and mind, whether natural or acquired, e. g. thinking in the mind, are adjuncts.-3. In ethics, adjuncts are what are otherwise called circumstances: these are reckoned seven, viz. quis, quid, ubi, quibus, auxiliis, cur, quomodo, quando. 4. In grammar, words added to other words to amplify the force of other words, e. g. the history of the French revolution. The words in italics are adjuncts to history-Webster.

5. In music, the word is employed to denominate the relation between the

principal mode, and the modes of its two

fifths.

In the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, there are twelve members called adjuncts attached to the study of some particular science. Geometry, astronomy, mechanics, chemistry, botany, and anatomy, have each two members. These appointments were instituted in 1716.

The Roman adjunct deities were inferior deities, added as assistants to the principal gods; e. g. Bellona to Mars; the Cabiri to Vulcan; the Lares to the Good Genius, and the Lemures to the Evil.

AD JURA REGIS. In law, a writ which lies for a clerk presented to a living by the sovereign, against those who endeavour to eject him to the prejudice of the sovereign's title.

AD'JUTAGE, from ad and jacio, jactus, AJ'UTAGE, from Fr. ajouter, to join. The tube fitted to the mouth of a vessel, through which the water of a fountain is to be played. It is by its means that the water is directed into any desired figure, so that the diversity of fountains consists chiefly in the different structure of their adjutages.

AD'JUTANT, Lat. adjutans, aiding. In military affairs, an officer who assists the major by receiving and communicating orders, and therefore has sometimes been called the aid-major. Each battalion of foot and regiment of horse has an adjutant, who receives orders from the brigade-major, to communicate to the colonel and subalterns. He places guards, receives and distributes ammunition, assigns places of rendezvous, &c.

ADJUTANT-GENERAL is the chief adjutant he is to an army what the adjutant is to a regiment.

AD'JUTANTS-GENERAL, among the Jesuits, were a select body of fathers who resided with the general of the order, each | of whom had a province or country assigned to his care. Their business was to keep up correspondence with such countries by means of their delegates and emissaries, and give information of state occurrences to the father-general.

ADJUTORIUM, Lat. from ad and juvo. In anatomy, a name given to the humerus from its usefulness in lifting the arm.

ADJUVANT, Lat. adjuvans, helping. Adjutant applied to an ingredient introduced into a medical prescription, to aid the operation of the principal ingredient or basis.

ADLEGA'TION, Lat. ad and legatio, from lego, to send. In the public laws of the German Empire, a right claimed by the states, and by some princes, of joining their own ministers with those of the emperor in all negotiations where the interests of the empire are concerned.

ADMANUEN'SIS, from ad and manus, the hand. In old law books, a term denoting laymen, who sware by laying their hands on the bible; whereas the clergy were forbidden to swear so, their word being deemed equal to an oath.

ADMEA'SUREMENT, from ad and measurement. In law, the adjustment of shares of something to be divided; e.g. Admeasurement of dower takes place when the widow of the deceased claims more than belongs to her as dower: Admeasurement of pasture takes place when any one of the persons who have title to a common pasture, puts more cattle to feed upon it than he ought. These take place by writ of admeasurement, addressed to the sheriff.

ADMINICULA'TOR, Lat. from adminiculor, to give help. In church history, an officer, otherwise called the Advocate of the poor.

ADMINISTRATION, the act of administering; management or government of public affairs; the office of an administrator. 2. The executive part of a government, consisting in the exercise of the constitutional and legal powers, the general superintendence of national affairs and the enforcement of laws.-3. The persons collectively who are entrusted with the execution of the laws, and the superintendence of public affairs: the chief magistrate and his council, as in America; the council alone, as in Great Britain.

4. The management of the estate of an intestate person, a lunatic, &c., under a commission from the proper authority. 5. Among ecclesiastics, the power with which a parson is invested both as regards the temporalities and spiritualities of his cure.-6. In commerce, the name given by the Spaniards to the staple magazine at Calao, in Peru, where all ships loaded with European goods were required to unload and pay duties.

ADMINISTRATOR, Lat. from ad and minister. In law, the person to whom the goods, &c., of a person who died intestate are entrusted. He must give account of the same when required. The bishop of the diocese, when the person dies, is regularly to grant administration; but, if the deceased has goods in several dioceses, administration must be granted by the archbishop in the prerogative court. The persons to whom administration is granted, are first the next of kin to the deceased, and then to a creditor.—2. In Scotch law, a tutor, curator, or guardian, having the care of one who is incapable of acting for himself.-Administrator is used in several other senses, e. g. an advocate of a church; a person appointed to manage the revenues of an hospital, or other charitable institution; a prince who enjoys the revenues of a secularized bishoprick; the regent of a state during a minority, or a vacancy of the throne.

ADMINISTRA'TRIX, a female who administers upon the estate of an intestate person.

ADMIRAL, an officer who commands the naval forces, and decides all maritime

causes.

According to Ducange, the Sicilians were the first, and the Genoese the next, who gave this name to the commanders of their fleets; deriving it from the Ar. émir, or amir, a commander, a designation applicable to any commanding officer: hence low Lat. amira, amiras, admiralis, Sp. and Port. admirante, from aλs, the sea. The admiral has the Fr. amiral: the termination al, is probably same authority over the maritime forces, that a general has over the land forces. There are three ranks of admirals, the admiral, the vice-admiral, and rearadmiral, besides the lord high admiral,

sects. Name, from doλos and zegas,

in reference to the form of the antennæ. Belongs to the elaterides of Latreille. ADON'AI, a Hebrew, Chaldean, and Syrian name of the Supreme Being, meaning Lord or Sustainer.

ADO'NIA ancient festivals kept in honour of Adonis, by females, who spent two days in lamentations and the most infamous pleasures. These Adonia were celebrated by the Greeks, Egyptians, Syrians, Sicilians, &c.

ADO'NIC, pertaining to Adonis, the ADONEAN, favourite of Venus. Adonic is applied to a kind of short verse, consisting of a dactyl, and a spondee or trochee, e. g. rārā jūventus. It was originally used in bewailing the fate of Adonis.

ADO'NIS, pheasant's-eye, or bird's-eye. A genus of plants of the class polyandria, order polygynia. There are eight species, resembling the anemone in appearance, but smaller. The A. autumnalis, an annual common in our gardens, is the only British specimen. Name, adavis, the mythological youth, from whose blood it is fabled to have sprung.

ADO'NISTS, among critics, a party who maintained that the Hebrew points ordinarily annexed to the consonants of the word Jehovah are not the natural points belonging to that word, and that they do not express the true pronunciation of it.

ADOPTER, a two-necked chemical vessel, placed between a retort and receiver, to lengthen the neck of the retort, and thereby give more space to elastic vapours. ADOPTIANS, a sect which held that, with regard to his human nature, Christ was not the natural, but the adoptive son of God. ADOPTION, Lat. adoptio, from ad and opto, to choose. 1. The act whereby one man makes another his heir, giving him all the rights of a son. Adoption was common among the Greeks and Romans, who had many regulations concerning it. The Lacedemonian law required that it should be confirmed before their kings; at Athens, slaves, madmen, and persons under age were incapable of adopting; and at Rome, adoptions were confirmed before the prætor in an assembly of the people, or by a rescript from the emperor. The adopter, besides, was required to be at least eighteen years the senior of the adopted, and the natural father required to renounce all authority over his son, and consent to his translation into the family of the adopter. The various ceremonies of adoption have given rise to many kinds of it: e.g. adoption by testament, the appointment of a person to be heir by will, on condition of his taking the name, &c. of the adopter: adoption by matrimony, the taking the children by a former marriage into the condition of

children of the second marriage: adoption by baptism, the spiritual affinity contracted by godfathers was supposed to entitle the godchild to a share of the god father's estate adoption by hair was performed by cutting off the hair of a person, and giving it to the adoptive father: adoption by arms, an ancient ceremony of

presenting a suit of armour to one for his merit or valour, which laid the person under an obligation to defend the giver. Among the Turks, the ceremony of adoption is performed by obliging the person adopted to pass through the shirt of the adopter. In France, the adopter must have neither children nor other legiti

mate descendants.

ADOPTION is also used for many kinds of admission to a more intimate relation, as the admission into hospitals, particularly that of Lyons, and is, therefore, very nearly equivalent to reception.

ADORATION, Lat. adoratio. The act of worshipping; the worship paid to the Supreme Being. Among the Jews, adoration was performed by bowing, kneeling, and prostration. Among the Romans, the devotee, with his head veiled or covered, applied the right hand to his lips, the forefinger resting on the thumb, which was erect, and then bowing he turned round from left to right. The Gauls thought it more religious to turn from right to left: the Greeks to worship with their heads uncovered. The Christians copied the Grecian rather than the Roman mode, and universally uncover when they perform any act of adoration. In modern times adoration is paid to the pope by kissing his foot, and to a prince by kneeling and kissing his hand. The word has been sometimes used in the sense of acclamation, e. g. a pope is said to be elected by adoration, when he is elected by sudden acclamation, without scrutiny.

ADORIUM, a genus of coleopterous insects; the species are foreign. The adorium is included among the isopodes of Latreille.

ADOSCULATION, Lat. adosculatio, from ad and osculum, a kiss. A term used by naturalists to denote impregnation by mere external contact: this takes place in many birds and fishes. It is also used in botany for the impregnation of the plant by the falling of the farina on the pistils; and also for the insertion of one part of a plant into another.

ADOS'SED, English of adossée, part. of adosser, to place back to hack; dos, the back. A heraldic term denoting two figures or bearings placed back to back.

ADO'XA, Moschatel: a genus of a ADO'XIA, hardy perennial plant, pe culiar to Britain; class octandria, order tetragynia. Name, a, without, and dogz,

glory, from the humble aspect of this little flower. There is only one species, the A. moschatellina, so called from its smelling like musk. It is also known by the name of bastard fumitory; grows in shady places.

AD PONDUS OMNIUM, literally, "to the weight of the whole." These words after the name of any ingredient, in a medical prescription, signify that the weight of such ingredients is equal to that of all the others put together.-Lat.

AD QUOD DAMNUM, literally, "to what damage." The name of a writ issued before certain liberties are granted, as, a fair, market, &c., ordering the sheriff to inquire what damage may be caused by such grant.-Lat.

ADPRESSED, Lat. adpressus. Appressed: pressed close together; applied to branches or leaves, when they rise nearly parallel to the stem, and are close to it, e. g. the branches of the Genista tinctoria and leaves of the Thlaspi campestris.

ADRIFT, a nautical term denoting the condition of a vessel broken from her moorings. It is the participle of the Sax. verb adriftan, to drive.

ADROGA'TION, a species of adoption among the Romans, by which a person was admitted to the relationship of a son, derived from ad and rogo, to ask; in reference to the questions put to the parties.

ADSTRICTION, Lat. adstrictio, from stringo, to bind. In medicine, 1. The action of an astringent.-2. Constipation

ADULARIA, the moonstone of lapidaries: a transparent white-coloured variety of prismatic feldspar, with a silvery or pearly opalescence. The finest crystals are found at Adula, the summit of St. Gothard. The sunstone of the lapidaries is the Siberian variety of Adularia; it is of a yellowish colour, and numberless golden specks appear distributed throughout it.

ADULT, Lat. adultus, grown to maturity: oleo, to grow. Among civilians, a person upwards of 14 years of age. The term is also applied to animals and plants at a state of maturity.

ADULT'ERY, Lat. adulterium, from ad and alter, other. The crime of married persons, whether husband or wife, who violate their marriage vow by incontinence. In Europe and America, adultery is reckoned a private offence: none but the husband being allowed to intermeddle; and except in Scotland, though the husband be guilty of adultery, the wife is not allowed to prosecute him for the same. In England adultery is a spiritual offence, and therefore the injured party can have no other redress than to bring an action of damages against the adulterer, and to divorce and strip the adulteress of her

dower.-See DIVORCE. In scriptural lanquage, adultery is sometimes used for idolatry, and at other times for any species of unchastity. It is in this sense that divines interpret the seventh command

ment.

ADULTERY, in church affairs, means the thrusting a person into a bishoprick during the life of the bishop.

ADUMBRATION, umbra. In heraldry, a figure painted of the same colour as the ground of the field, but darker.

ADUS'TION, Lat. adustio, from ad and uro, to burn. In surgery, the same with cauterisation (q. v.)

ADVANCE, from ad and van, the front. In commerce, 1. To supply beforehand, to furnish on credit.2. Additional price or profit on the prime cost of goods.--3. Money paid before goods are delivered upon consignment. This is usually from a half to two-thirds of the value of the goods consigned.

ADVANCE-DITCH, In fortifications, that ADVANCE-MOAT, drawn round the glacis or esplanade of a place.

ADVANCEMENT, in law, provision made by a parent for a child, by gift of property, during the parent's life, to which the child would be entitled, as heir, after the parent's death.

ADVENT, Lat. adventus, from ad and venio, to come. A coming: appropriately the coming of the Saviour. It is intended as a season of devotion, with reference to the past and future coming of Christ, and includes four sabbaths before Christmas, beginning at St. Andrew's day, or on the sabbath next before or after it according to the day of the week on which the 25th of December falls.

ADVENTIT 10us, Lat. adventitius, extraordinary. Added extrinsically, e. g. among civilians, goods which are acquired accidentally, are said to be adventitious. The same is said of fossils, as shells, &c., which are found embodied in other fossils. Applied also to diseases which are not hereditary or congenital; and in botany, to anything which appears out of the ordinary course of nature. It is in speaking of natural things, what abnormal is in speaking of productions of art.

ADVENTURE, Fr. aventure. See ADVENT. 1. Among sailors, something which a seamen is permitted to carry aboard, with a view to sell for profit. Seamen usually call this a venture.-2. A bill of adventure is a writing signed by a person who takes goods on board of his ship, wholly at the risk of the owner.

ADVENTURER, one who adventures, e. g. merchant-adventurers constituted a company, formed for the purpose of exploring unknown regions, and opening up new channels of trade; called also the society of adventurers.