26. Consequences of this event highly injurious to freedom,

27-29. Circular of the cabinet of Berlin,

30. Reflections on this picture of Germany,

31. Circular of Metternich detailing the effect of the repressive measures,

32. Circular of Metternich on the Neapolitan revolution,

33. Final Act of Confederation,

:

34. Effect of this Final Act on German liberty,

35. Illusory edict of Prussia regarding provincial diets,

35

37. Import of the constitution of the provincial estates of Prussia by the

edict of June 5, 1823,

38. Count Bernstorff's circular on the subject,

39. Regulations against the secret societies in Prussia,

40. The real worth of the provincial estates,

41. Causes which prevented an outbreak,

42. Wisdom of the internal government of Prussia,

43. Specific measures introduced,

44. The ultimate effect of these changes would have favoured freedom,

45. Great effect of the French Revolution in checking German freedom,

46. Increase of this feeling with the Belgian and Polish revolutions,

47. Effect of the siege of Antwerp in 1832,

48. Stringent measures of the Diet against the Press,

49. Decree of July 5 of the Diet,

50. Immense sensation produced by these decrees over Europe,

51. Riot in Frankfort, and its occupation by the Austrians,

52. Congress of Sovereigns at Münchengratz,

53. Fresh riot at Frankfort, which is put under martial law,

36. Refusal of the Diet to sanction the demand of Holstein for a consti-

tution,

ib.

37

38

ib.

39

40

41

ib.

43

ib.

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

55. Death of the Emperor Francis, and his successor's communication to the

Diet,

53

56. Change in the public mind in Germany towards material objects,
57. Refusal of the Diet to restore the constitution of Hanover,
58. Dispute between the Prussian government and the Pope regarding the
Archbishop of Cologne,

61. Amnesty on the 300th anniversary of the Reformation, and treaty of

reciprocity with Holland, .

ib.

57

59

62. Death of the King of Prussia, and revival of the question of the consti-
tution,

ib.

63. Answer of the King,

62

64. Adjustment of the dispute with the See of Rome,

ib.

65. Opening of the provincial estates, and great excitement with which it

was attended,

63

66. Extension of the Zollverein, and increasing intellectual strength of
Prussia,

67. Vast system of railways in Northern Germany,

65

68. Inauguration of the Cathedral of Cologne, and King's speech at it,

69. Meeting of the general estates at Berlin,

70. Secret views of the government in this step,

71. Progress of constitutional ideas in 1843,

78. Opening of the States-General of Prussia, and King's speech,

75

79. Extraordinary political situation of Germany,

76

80. Effect of the Revolutionary War on the two parties which divided it,

81. And in increasing the passion for freedom,

82. Great effect of general education in increasing this desire,

83. Great difficulties arising from the want of foreign commercial colonies,

84. Causes which held Germany together: constitution of the Diet, the

Federal Union,

85. Effect of the preponderance of Catholics in the Confederacy,

86. The army is the expression of general opinion,

87. Influence of Russia on Prussia and the lesser states,

88. Influence of the want of employment in forcing men to become govern-

ment employés,

89. Disastrous effects in Germany of the revolutions of 1820 and 1830,

90. Counteracting influence of these causes,

91. The triumph of the Conservatives left the seeds of revolution in all the

European states,

87

92. Influence of these causes on German literature,

93. Advantages of the German Confederacy to the peace of Europe,

94. Effect of the German Confederacy on domestic peace and the progress of

freedom,

90

95. What of a federal union for the interests of mankind?

91

96. What may be hoped for federal unions in future,

97. Cause which shipwrecked German liberty,

92

93

4. Dawn of German literature,

CHAPTER XXVIII.

LITERATURE OF GERMANY IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

1. Great importance of the German literature in the early part of the nine-

teenth century,

2. Literature is thus the index to general opinion,

3. Cause of its romantic character in Germany,

5. Causes of the backwardness of its literature,

96

97

98

99

100

6. Science and learning in Germany before the middle of the eighteenth

§

Page

15. His versatility has rendered him rather universally popular than

108

ib.

109

110

111

112

ib.

113

114

115

116

53. German memoir-writers: Bartholdy, Varnhagen von Ense, and Baron

Stein,

140

54. German autobiographies,

141

55. Autobiography of Goethe, Oehlenschlager, and Andersen,

87. Reflections on the influence of recent disasters on the German mind,

169

CHAPTER XXIX.

FRANCE FROM THE EXTINCTION OF THE HEREDITARY PEERAGE IN DECEMBER 1831, TO

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MILITARY GOVERNMENT BY THE SUPPRESSION OF THE

REVOLT IN THE CLOISTER OF ST MÉRI IN JUNE 1832, AND THE TREATY WITH

HOLLAND IN MAY 1833.

1. Great increase of the power of the Crown from these changes,

2. Social dangers of the Government of France,

170

171

3. Louis Blanc's picture of the working classes in France at this period,

4. Miserable condition of the working classes,

172

173

5. Wretchedness of the working classes, and their consequent profligacy,

6. The Revolution was not the cause of these evils, but it aggravated them,

7. Commencement of the Lyons insurrection, and condition of the workmen

there,

174

175

176

8. Absurd measures of the governor and prefect for fixing a tariff,

177

10. Commencement of the insurrection,

11. The insurrection spreads, and proves successful,

prisoner,

9. Progress of the strife between the masters and workmen,

12. Half the national guard join the insurgents, who make the prefect

13. Desperate strife in the streets of Lyons,

178

179

ib.

180

181

14. Extreme alarm at Paris, and vigorous measures of the Government,

15. Extraordinary state of Lyons after the revolt, .

182

183

16. Arrival of Marshal Soult and the Duke of Orléans, and submission of

17. False views on this insurrection generally entertained in France,

20. Strength of the republican press, and extravagance of the Court,

188

27. Disturbances in Romagna, and Austrian interference,

28. Intervention of the Austrians, and their entry into Bologna,

29. Occupation of Ancona,

30. Effects of this stroke in Italy and Europe,

31. First appearance of the cholera in Paris,

32. Its extraordinary and unlooked-for symptoms,

33. Uncertainty in its mode of treatment,

34. Commissions in Paris on the subject,

35. Real ravages of the epidemic,

36. Noble instances of fortitude and benevolence,

37. Death of Casimir Périer and Cuvier,

38. Character of Casimir Périer,

193

194

195

196

ib.

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

205

206

39. Attempt of the Duchess de Berri to raise the west,

207

40. The Duchess de Berri determines on an effort in France, and repairs to

46. Disquietude, and measures of the Royalists at these events,

213

47. Vain attempt at an insurrection,

215

48. The Princess resolves on a rising, which proves abortive,

ib.

49. Incidents of the civil war,

216

50. Adventures of the Duchess de Berri, and extinction of the insurrection,

69. Great successes of the insurgents, and consternation of the military chiefs, 235