History of Europe: From the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852, Volum 5

W. Blackwood and Sons, 1856

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Side vi
... at Berlin , 67 70. Secret views of the government in this step , 71. Progress of constitutional ideas in 1843 , 456520 64 66 ib . 68 S 72. Progress of 1844 , 73. Important religious movement vi CONTENTS OF CHAP . XXVII .

Side 23
... ideas which pre- vailed regarding the functions of the Federal Assembly , 1819 . and the means of obviating them , the defective regime l'Empereur of schools and universities , and the abuses of the press , d'Autriche , especially such ...

Side 27
... ideas that prevails in Germany has awak- ened the most serious alarm in all who are attached to social order or public tranquillity . How sound soever the feelings of the great body of the people may be , and how- soever attached to ...

Side 29
... upon two measures , equally perverse . The first is , that the end justifies the means ; the second , that the merit of actions depends entirely on the ideas which have XXVII . 1819 . CHAP . suggested them , and HISTORY OF EUROPE . 29.

Side 30
... ideas are always praise- worthy when they have the independence of Germany for their object . Such is the nature of the evil which the inquiries that have been set on foot have revealed . It is evident that they do not point to ...

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CHAPTER XXVII	1

Universal education of the people	8

Evidence from public acts of the promise to give Germany constitutional	15

Page	16

Resolution of the Diet on the propositions of Austria	22

Consequences of this event highly injurious to freedom	26

2729 Circular of the cabinet of Berlin	27

Reflections on this picture of Germany	30

Result of the new elections	357

Opening of Parliament	358

Extreme wordiness of the new House and new regulations in conse quence	359

Regulations for forenoon hours in the House of Commons	360

Coercion Bill for Ireland	361

3135 Argument of Ministers for the Coercion Bill 362366	362

3641 Argument of the Roman Catholics against the bill 367371	367

Progress of the bill in both Houses	372

Circular of Metternich detailing the effect of the repressive measures	31

Circular of Metternich on the Neapolitan revolution 33 Final Act of Confederation	32

Illusory edict of Prussia regarding provincial diets	35

Import of the constitution of the provincial estates of Prussia by the edict of June 5 1823	37

Count Bernstorffs circular on the subject	38

Regulations against the secret societies in Prussia	39

The real worth of the provincial estates	40

Causes which prevented an outbreak	41

Wisdom of the internal government of Prussia	42

Specific measures introduced	43

The ultimate effect of these changes would have favoured freedom	44

Great effect of the French Revolution in checking German freedom	45

Increase of this feeling with the Belgian and Polish revolutions	46

Effect of the siege of Antwerp in 1832	48

Decree of July 5 of the Diet	49

Immense sensation produced by these decrees over Europe	50

Riot in Frankfort and its occupation by the Austrians	51

Congress of Sovereigns at Münchengratz	52

Fresh riot at Frankfort which is put under martial law	53

Frederick Schlegel	65

Reflections on German literature	71

Painting in Germany	77

Opening of the StatesGeneral of Prussia and Kings speech	78

constitution of the Diet	84

Refusal of the Diet to sanction the demand of Holstein for a consti tution	86

Disastrous effects in Germany of the revolutions of 1820 and 1830	90

What may be hoped for federal unions in future	96

Reasons which induced the West India proprietors to acquiesce	100

Goethe	104

Great increase of production in the foreign slave States	106

parallel between him and Goethe	109

Character of his dramas	110

His powers of the pathetic and of rhetoric	111

His merits as a lyric poet	112

As a historian ib 22 Klopstock The Messiah	113

His merits as a lyric poet	114

Oehlenschlager	115

His elevated picture of love	116

Grillparzer	117

Kotzebue	118

Werner	119

its defects	120

structure of its society ib 31 Tieck	121

Körner	122

Körner as a dramatic poet	123

Burger	124

Freiligrath	125

37	126

38	127

ib 39	128

41	129

The youth of their literature is the cause of this ib 42 Causes of this defect	130

ib 43	131

ib 44	132

45	133

46	134

48	135

Schlosser	136

50	137

51	138

Decrees of 1835 in the Diet 52	139

Death of the Emperor Francis and his successors communication to the Diet 53	140

55	141

their general character	142

The philosophic novelists	143

Countess HahnHahn	144

Haklander ib 60 Andersen	146

Jean Paul Richter	147

Philosophic school of Germany ib 63 Kant	148

Fichte and Schelling	149

Haydn	166

Immense sensation excited by this event 60 Wise internal regulations of the Prussian government 61 Amnesty on the 300th anniversary of the Refor...	170

Louis Blancs picture of the working classes in France at this period	172

Desperate strife in the streets of Lyons	178

False views on this insurrection generally entertained in France	185

Renewed efforts of the Republicans Armand Carrel	186

his character	187

Strength of the republican press and extravagance of the Court	188

Extravagance of the Civil List	189

Great increase of the general expenditure	190

Conspiracy of Notre Dame and the Rue Prouvaires	191

Conspiracy at Grenoble	192

Expedition to Ancona resolved on and its reasons	193

State of affairs in Italy	194

Disturbances in Romagna and Austrian interference	195

Intervention of the Austrians and their entry into Bologna	196

Occupation of Ancona ib 30 Effects of this stroke in Italy and Europe	197

First appearance of the cholera in Paris	198

Its extraordinary and unlookedfor symptoms	199

Uncertainty in its mode of treatment	200

Commissions in Paris on the subject	201

Real ravages of the epidemic	202

Noble instances of fortitude and benevolence	203

Death of Casimir Périer and Cuvier	205

Character of Casimir Périer	206

Attempt of the Duchess de Berri to raise the west	207

The Duchess de Berri determines on an effort in France and repairs to Massa	208

She leaves Massa and makes a descent on France ib 42 Landing of the Princess	210

Abortive rising at Marseilles ib 44 The Duchess resolves to cross France to La Vendée	211

She escapes into La Vendée	212

Disquietude and measures of the Royalists at these events	213

Vain attempt at an insurrection	215

The Princess resolves on a rising which proves abortive ib 49 Incidents of the civil war	216

Adventures of the Duchess de Berri and extinction of the insurrection	217

The Princess takes refuge in Nantes	218

When she is at length discovered	219

Treachery of Deutz towards the Princess	220

Her arrest	221

Her imprisonment in the chateau of Blaye ib 56 Extreme discontent and democratic movement in Paris	222

Death of General Lamarque	223

His funeral and commencement of the insurrection	224

Preparations of the Government	225

6061 Commencement of the insurrection 226227	226

The insurrection breaks out	228

Vigorous measures on the part of the Government	229

Mysterious meeting at Lafittes at night	230

Progress and alarming aspect of the insurrection	231

Moral chances on either side ib 67 Measures and forces of the Government	232

Marshal Soults military measures	233

Great successes of the insurgents and consternation of the military chiefs	235

Forces on both sides and theatre of the combat	236

Successes of the troops	237

Storming of the Cloister of St Méri	238

results of the conflict	239

Deputation of the Chamber to the King	240

Answer of the King and Paris declared in a state of siege	241

Resistance to the state of siege and legal decision on its effect ib 77 Arrest of MM de Chateaubriand Fitzjames Hyde de Neuville and Berryer	243

Proceedings of the courtsmartial	244

War to the knife with the press	245

Increased consideration of the French Government by the suppression of the revolt	246

Improved condition of the country and the revenue	247

Marriage of Leopold king of Belgium to the Princess Louise of France	248

His marvellous contradictions	249

Convention between France and England for cession of Antwerp to Belgium	250

Negotiations on the subject	251

Want of preparations in England and great preparations for war in France	253

Preparations of England and France for the siege of Antwerp	254

Description of the citadel of Antwerp ib 90 Commencement of the siege	255

Progress of the siege and capture of the lunette St Laurent	257

Gallant defence and fall of the citadel ib 93 Reflections on this siege	259

Effect of this success in France and England	260

Causes which forced the Continental powers to remain quiet ib 96 Treaty of May 19 1833 between Holland and Belgium	261

Abandonment of the Barrier treaty	263

Great addition to the power of France by these events ib 99 And of Russia	264

Influence on Englands power	265

Vindication of Polignacs coup détat by subsequent events	266

CHAPTER XXX	268

Force and corruption the principle of the Government	269

General policy of the Government	270

Its danger in the end	271

Liberation of the Duchess de Berri	272

Journey of the Duke of Orléans through the south of France	273

Trial of the St Simonians	274

Changes in the Ministry and creation of peers	276

Marshal Soults circular to the prefects ib 11 State and views of the Republicans	277

Death of the Duke of Reichstadt	278

Opening of the Chambers and Kings speech	280

Trials of strength in the Chamber ib 15 Project for the fortification of Paris	282

Violent opposition which it encountered and it is adjourned	283

Large grants for public works	284

Distribution of the grant	285

57	287

Kings journey to Normandy and felicitous answers to addresses	288

New form which the spirit of propagandism assumed	289

Remonstrances of Russia and Prussia against the Polish commit tees	290

Revolutionary organisation in Germany 1832 and 1833	291

Efforts of the propagandists in Switzerland and Italy	292

Congress of MuntzGraetz between Russia Prussia and Austria	293

Real objects of that Congress	294

Resolution of the Congress regarding the propagandism	295

Affairs of Algeria	296

Origin of the Zouaves in Algeria	297

Military successes and establishment of the colony	298

Extreme violence of the press in Paris in 1833 and 1834	299

Opening of the Chamber of 1834 and violence of parties	300

Correspondence between France and the allied Powers on the subject of a general disarming	302

Laws against public criers and imposing a stamp duty on pamphlets	303

Law against associations ib 36 Violent debates on it in the Chamber	306

Answer of the Ministerialists	307

Rejoinder of the Opposition ib 40 Passing of the repressive measures and changes in the Cabinet	308

General resistance to the law against secret societies	310

Secret societies their organisation and objects	311

An insurrection is resolved on at Lyons	312

Second insurrection at Lyons and its causes	313

Its commencement with the trial of the leaders of the violent strike ib 46 Balanced successes on the opposite side	314

General insurrectionary movements in France	316

Insurrection in Paris	317

Defensive measures of the Government	318

Victory of the Government and Massacre in the Rue Transnonain	319

Measures of the Government upon its victory	320

Death of M de Lafayette	321

his rise and character in public life 323324	323

His qualities as a statesman and orator	325

Dissolution of the Chamber and result of the elections	326

60	327

Change for the worse which it had induced ib 61 Error of the explanation of these changes given by the Liberal party	328

Answer of the King 62	329

Schism between the proprietors and prolétaires	330

CHAPTER XXXI	332

Assault on the Duke of Wellington and the King	333

Immense power at the disposal of Ministers	334

Influence of the practical turn of the English mind at this crisis	335

The nobility were at the head of the English movement	336

Effect of the Conservatives remaining at their posts	337

Moderation of Government	338

Beneficial effect of the influence in Ireland of the See of Rome at this period	339

Influence of the cholera in checking the Reform mania	340

Distressed state of the finances	341

Question of the RussoBelgian loan	343

Distracted state of Ireland and resistance to tithes	344

Declaration of Government on the subject and recommendations of the committee	345

Reflections on their recommendation ib 1516 Valuable facts brought out in the evidence and the debate 346347	346

Government plan on the subject and Mr OConnells opposition	347

Increased agitation and violence in the country	348

Frightful murders and burnings in the country	349

Ineffectual efforts of the Government	350

Renewed efforts of the agitators and their gross falsehoods	351

Small amount of the arrears to each and its irrecoverable nature	352

Speech of the King on proroguing Parliament	353

Success of the registration of electors law	354

System of requiring pledges from candidates	355

Reflections on the Coercion Act	373

of the act	374

Bill for the reduction of the Irish Church Establishment blishme	375

4647 Argument against it by Conservatives 376377	376

Mr OConnells speech on the bill	378

4950 Argument of Ministers in its support	379

Progress of the bill through both Houses	380

New ministerial project regarding tithes	381

Reflections on these bills	382

Wise measures in general meet with no support in a popular legislature	384

General distress which prevailed in the country	386

Mr Attwoods picture of the state of the country	388

Answer of Ministers	389

The budget for 1833	390

Repeal of onehalf of the malttax carried against Ministers	391

Ministers by a sidewind get the vote rescinded	392

Results of these votes on public opinion	393

Rapid decline in the popularity of Ministers	394

Patriotic conduct of both Government and the Conservative Opposi tion	395

Renewal of the Bank Charter	396

Argument against the bill by Sir R Peel	397

Answer of the Government	398

Reflections on this debate	399

feeling of the country on it	400

Government plan on the subject	401

7072 Argument of Ministers in support of the bill 402403	402

The bill passes both Houses	404

Injustice done by this act to the natives of India	405

The West India Question	406

Sketch of the early settlement of the negroes in the West Indies	407

Necessity gave rise to the vast translation of the negro race	408

Beneficial results which this transference of mankind will ultimately effect	409

The slave trade brought the African to civilisation ib 80 Beneficial effect of the fixing of negroes on particular estates	410

Salutary effect of fixing the negroes on their estates from the cessation of the slave trade	411

Prosperous general condition of the negroes	412

What should have been done by the Government	413

Necessity of slavery in early times	414

Progressive emancipation was rejected by the planters	415

The colonies refuse to act on the resolutions of Parliament	416

Forced tranquillity to 1832 and insurrection which then broke out	417

Insurrection in Jamaica	418

Resistance in the colonies to the Orders in Council	419

Universal transports in favour of immediate emancipation	420

9196 Mr Stanleys argument in favour of negro emancipation 421425	421

Result of the debate and parties by whom it was opposed	426

Bill regarding the shortening of infant labour in factories	438

and Lord Ripon	453

The movement party resolve to force on Mr Wards motion	459

Negotiation of Mr Littleton with Mr OConnell	465

Report of the PoorLaw Commissioners recommending a change	475

Effect of the bill has not been materially to lessen poorrates	481

Weakness of Government and disturbances in Ireland	484

Riot at Rathcormack	485

Hostility of the press Lord Broughams journey in Scotland	486

The King dismisses the Ministry and sends for the Duke of Wel lington	487

Reflections on Earl Greys fall	488

Great merit of Earl Grey in resisting the movement after the bill was passed	489

Review of his administration	490

CHAPTER XXXII	491

Weakness of Turkey after the peace of Adrianople	492

his character and policy	493

His system of civil government	494

Origin of the war	495

Physical description of Syria	496

Ibrahim lays siege to Acre	499

Skilful operations of Ibrahim and capture of Acre	500

Battle of Homs	501

The Egyptians enter Aleppo	502

Results of the campaign and great preparations of the Porte	504

Advance of Ibrahim to Konieh ib 15 Preparations for a decisive battle	505

Forces on both sides	506

Decisive movement of Ibrahim on his right	507

Victory of the Egyptians	508

Opening of the provincial estates and great excitement with which it was attended	509

The Porte applies to England for succour and is refused	510

Reasons for not applying to France	511

The Porte applies to Russia for aid	512

Which is joyfully accorded	513

The Porte in vain seeks to countermand the succours and breach of the negotiations	514

Fresh Russian expedition sails from Odessa	515

Mission of Lord Durham to St Petersburg	516

Treaty between the Porte and Mehemet Ali	517

Treaty of UnkiarSkelessi	519

Remonstrances of the Western Powers	521

First settlement of Greece under the presidency of Capo dIstria	523

Otho is elected King of Greece	525

Great successes of the popular opposition in Greece and overthrow of the Government	526

Arrival of King Otho and joy of the inhabitants	527

Institutions and military force of the infant State	528

Causes of discord still remaining in the East	529

Jealousy awakened in the English Cabinet	530

Divergence of views on the Eastern Question between the Cabinets of London and Paris	531

Causes of the coldness of France and England Commercial treaty be tween the latter and Turkey	532

And with Austria	533

Increasing coldness of the Porte with France ib 45 Mutual recriminations of the Porte and Mehemet Ali	534

Efforts of France and England to avert hostilities	535

Commencement of hostilities by the Sultan	536

Forces on both sides at the commencement of hostilities	537

Battle of Nezib	538

The Turkish fleet is treacherously given up to the Egyptians	539

Death of Sultan Mahmoud and his character ib 52 Revival of pacific views with the accession of the new Sultan	541

Farther reforms of the new Sultan ib 54 Revolution in Servia	542

Views of the European Powers at this juncture	543

Ultimate demands of both parties	544

Treaty of July 15 1840 for the settlement of the East	545

The Pacha refuses the terms and military arrangements of the Allies to enforce it	546

Conciliatory note of the allied Powers towards France	547

Extreme irritation in France	548

Imminent danger of a rupture between England and France	549

Allied plan of attack and forces on opposite side	551

63	552

Vast system of railways in Northern Germany 65	553

Inauguration of the Cathedral of Cologne and Kings speech at it 69 Meeting of the general estates at Berlin 67	554

Views of Louis Philippe at this crisis ib 68 Conference of Louis Philippe and M Guizot at the Chateau dEu and its results	555

Thiers note of Nov 8 and its results	557

Fall of M Thiers who is succeeded by M Guizot	558

The British fleet steers for Acre and gains great successes	559

Bombardment of Acre	562

Submission of Mehemet Ali to the terms of the Allies ib 75 Terms of final pacification proposed by M Guizot and accepted by the Allies	564

Important treaty of the whole European Powers regarding the navigation of the Dardanelles and Bosphorus	565

The advantages of the treaty were more apparent than real	566

The refusal of succour to the Turks in 1833 was the fatal step	567

Which arose from the Reform Bill and the contraction of the currency	568

Dangers of the nation in 1841 from the mania for reduction	569

CHAPTER XXXIII	571

Opening of the Chamber and great majority for Ministers	572

Marshal Gérard succeeds Marshal Soult	573

Declaration of the new Ministers in favour of economy	574

Count Molé Minister	575

Fall of the new Ministry and restoration of the old one	576

Flourishing state of Algiers ib 8 First debate on the Address	577

Answer of M Guizot	578

Majority for Ministers in the Chamber	579

Marshal Mortier is succeeded by the Duke de Broglie as Prime Minister	580

Cause of this crisis	581

Divergence of Thiers and Guizot	582

Character of the Duke de Broglie	583

Settlement of the question with the Americans	584

Commencement of the treason trials before the Chamber of Peers	585

Ruinous effects of this mode of proceeding	586

Commencement of the trial and contest with the Bar	587

Contest about the choice of defenders	589

Commencement of the proceedings ib 21 Refusal of the accused to plead or answer until they got their own defenders	590

Progress of the trial	591

Continuation of the disorders and letter of Audry de Puyraveau	592

Proceedings in the Chamber of Deputies	593

Trials disjoined and escape of twentyeight prisoners	594

Conclusion of the trials	595

2728 Reflections on these trials 596597	596

Fête of July and conspiracy to murder the King	598

Attempted assassination of the King by Fieschi	599

Arrest of the assassin and discovery of the infernal machine	600

Immense effect produced by this event in Paris	601

Funeral of Marshal Mortier and the other victims	602

Trial and execution of the murderers	603

3538 Speech of M de Broglie on the introduction of the new law of re pression 604607	604

3942 Answer of M Armand Carrel and M de Lamartine 608610	608

Proposed laws	610

Which pass both Chambers	612

Improved condition of the Government in spring 1836 ib 46 Increased prosperity in France and beginning of the railway mania	613

Fall of the Duke de Broglie	614

Increasing difficulty of the question of reduction of the interest of the debt	616

Arguments in favour of the reduction of the interest	617

Answer for the stockholders	618

Decision of the Ministers on the subject which is against it at the moment and leads to their overthrow	619

M Thiers Premier ib 5354 Political character of M Thiers 620621	620

Postponement of the question regarding the debt and first trial of strength in the Chamber	622

Thiers profession of faith before the Chamber	623

Declaration of M Guizot	624

Of M Odillon Barrot	625

Nullity of legislative measures	626

Important financial statements	627

Occupation of Cracow by the allied Powers ib 62 Other diplomatic treaties	629

Secret views of the government in this step 71 Progress of constitutional ideas in 1843	630

Fresh attempt to assassinate the King by Alibaud ib 65 Execution of Alibaud and seclusion of the King	631

66	632

State of the secret societies in Switzerland	633

Measures of France and Austria against the refugees	634

Reflections on this subject	635

The Spanish Question and its urgent dangers	637

Thiers is for intervention the King against it and the former resigns ib 72 Character of Count Molé	638

Liberation of Prince Polignac and the prisoners in Ham	639

Death of Charles X	640

his early life	642

Preparations for the attempt of Strasburg	643

Breaking out of the conspiracy	644

Its rapid success	645

And ultimate failure	647

Humane conduct of the Government to Louis Napoleon	649

Trial and acquittal of the Strasburg conspirators ib 82 Law for disjunction of trials which is rejected	651

Argument of M Dupin against the law	653

Lamartines reply	654

The bill is thrown out and Ministry still hold on ib 86 Modification of the Ministry	655

Marriage of the Duke of Orléans	656

Preparations for the marriage and general amnesty	657

Marriage of the Prince and consequent catastrophe	659

Inauguration of the palace of Versailles as a palace of the arts ib 91 Fresh political societies	660

Dissolution of the Chamber	661

Affairs of Africa	662

The migratory Arabs and their annual migration	663

The conquests of the Romans and Saracens	664

Early difficulties of Marshal Clausel	666

his character	667

His first successes	668

Disaster of General Trezel ib 102 Victory of Marshal Clausel	669

Capture of Tlemson by AbdelKader and its recovery by Clausel	670

Ahmed Bey of Constantine joins the league against the French	671

Operations in Western Algeria and victory of the Sickak	672

Preparations for the siege of Constantine	673

Commencement of the expedition	674

March on Constantine and its extreme hardships	675

Repulse of the French ib 111 Disastrous retreat of the French	677

Mistrust and bitter recriminations in France	678

Noble conduct of the King and Ministers ib 114 Affairs of Oran	679

Diverging views of Generals Damremont and Bugeaud on them	680

Conference of AbdelKader and General Bugeaud	681

Terms of the treaty of La Tafna ib 118 Universal indignation at the treaty in France	682

Preparations for the expedition against Constantine	683

Arrival of the army before Constantine and commencement of the siege ib 121 Progress of the siege	685

Reason of the rigour of revolutionary governments	687

Lasting ascendant now gained by the Cross over the Crescent	688

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History of Europe: From the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the ..., Volum 5
Archibald Alison
Uten tilgangsbegrensning - 1856

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Vanlige uttrykk og setninger

admiration affairs appeared Armand Carrel arms army assemblies Austria bill Blanc brought Cabinet Catholic cause Chamber CHAP character Charles X charming circumstances Citizen King classes Confederacy constitution danger declared Diet drama Duke of Orléans effect England entirely established estates Europe evinced excited favour federacy feelings force France freedom French genius German Confederacy German literature Germany Goethe Government Hist human ideas immense important influence inhabitants insurgents insurrection interest Ireland July June King labour liberal literature Lord Louis Philippe Lyons Madame de Staël majority Marshal Soult measures Mehemet Ali ment military mind Ministers monarchy Moniteur national guard never noble object opinion Pacha Paris Parliament party passion peace period political Princess principles provinces Prussia Reform rendered Revolution revolutionary secret society sovereign spirit thought tion tithes treaty troops truth union universal victory violent votes whole XXIX XXVII XXXI XXXII

Bibliografisk informasjon

Tittel	History of Europe: From the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852, Volum 5 History of Europe: From the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession of Louis Napoleon, in 1852, Archibald Alison
Forfatter	Archibald Alison
Utgiver	W. Blackwood and Sons, 1856
Original fra	University of California
Digitalisert	9. okt 2009

Eksporter sitat	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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