Destruction of sputum of those having it very important; also use of separate beds, eating utensils, etc. Sunlight the best germ killer. Remedies: Rest, good food, out-of-door life, and ventilation of living rooms and sleeping rooms. (Tell how to make sputum cups of paper for sick.)

Smallpox and typhoid fever.-Both of these dangerous diseases. Smallpox may produce blindness and disfigurement even when not fatal. Is now preventable by vaccination. Examine pupils as to vaccination scars and advise vaccination of those not having them. Tell history of this disease.

Typhoid fever one of the most serious of all diseases. Is a disease of filth; always spread by wastes from sick persons-usually by contaminated water. Emphasize importance of protecting water supply, and of drinking only boiled water when typhoid is prevalent. Tell of the feasibility of protection by inoculation. Mention United States Army bistory and present practice as to this.

Exercise and health.--The body needs exercise or use. Aids digestion; develops muscles; makes body strong and healthy. Contrast results of exercise and lack of it. When and how to exercise. Importance of regularity. Do not cool off in drafts after exercising, nor too suddenly. Swimming said to be best exercise. Walking very good. Most kinds of work and play very good. Exercise in open air much better than in rooms. Have children learn and repeat a few simple rules as to exercise.

Home sanitation.-Clean, well-kept homes exceedingly important. Health always endangered in dirty, untidy homes. Really a pleasure to keep homes in good condition. Good homes always admired and enjoyed by all who see them. Both houses and premises should be kept neat and clean. Dust the most dangerous thing in the house, particularly if old dust from persons and clothing of people. Good cupboards very important; also, well-screened windows and doors. Floor coverings not of first importance. Rugs better than carpets; keep well cleaned; air frequently. Importance of clean beds and bedding, etc.

Importance and beauty of clean, neat premises. Stables, etc., should not be too close to house. All members of family should cooperate in keeping houses and premises clean. Children can easily help a great deal.

Home gardens as factors in good living.—Subject has only indirect relation to that of hygiene and sanitation, but the relation is real and important. Every family should raise a good garden each year; otherwise it is nearly certain not to have many vegetables and health will suffer. Strictly fresh vegetables of many kinds much superior to those not so fresh obtained from hucksters or in stores. Much cheaper to raise than to buy. Convenience in having at hand important. Gardening very healthful work; also, work which yields. much pleasure and valuable education to those who do it, if they do not consider it drudgery. Nearly all Indian families could have good gardens; many do. Study best methods of gardening. Learn to like many vegetables, etc.

Milch cows, poultry, etc., as aids to good living.-Milk is one of the very best foods, particularly for young people. Butter also is a valuable food; also, some other milk products. All are expensive to buy and are things which become contaminated easily. Very

desirable to keep a cow and have milk and butter at home if possible; also, a great economy if on a farm, or where feed and pasture can be had at reasonable cost. One should treat cow well, keep her clean, keep stable clean, milk regularly and carefully, and take very good care of milk. Keep utensils scrupulously clean. Pleasure as well as work in doing all this.

Poultry also profitable. A pleasure to raise and keep. Eggs a valuable food. Poultry should be well housed, provided with clean food and water, and otherwise well cared for. An especially good thing for girls to raise.

Everything that contributes to good living contributes to good health and happiness.

II. FIRST-AID TALKS.

Bandages.-Material; cleanliness; purpose; reason for rolling; overlapping; reversing. Compresses-definition and purpose. Practical exercise: Bandage imaginary wounds; stop imaginary bleeding by compresses, using stick to tighten bandage.

Bleeding.-Cause of; blood in jets; steady blood; color of arterial blood, of venous blood. Where to apply pressure to stop bleeding; danger of shutting off blood by bandages for more than an hour. Pressure with thumb or finger while waiting for bandage.

Practical exercise: Demonstrate application of bandage, compress, and thumbs to stop bleeding.

Bleeding from the nose: Sit erect, head slightly backward; use damp cloth to soak up blood; ice or cold water at back of neck; cold cloths over nose and forehead; may hold nose and breathe through mouth; plug nose with cotton or soft rag if necessary, attach string to plug to remove.

Broken bones.-Handle carefully so that the broken ends will not cut the soft parts; do not touch the place of injury, especially if there is an open wound. If necessary to handle injured person, broken bone must be supported by boards or hands, so that the ends of the bone. will not cut muscles, blood vessels, and nerves. Never drag injured persons. Splint, definition and use of. Call a doctor.

Practical exercise: Apply splint and protective support to imaginary broken limb.

Burns.-Burns produced by fire, hot objects, and certain medicines. Apply vaseline, lard or soda, or equal parts of lime water and linseed oil.

Burns caused by escaping steam or hot water are called scalds; treatment the same.

Bruises.-Bruises are caused by blows with blunt instrument. Parts swell and become black or blue, owing to bursting blood vessels. Apply cloths wrung out of warm or cold water. Change often. Keep parts at rest.

Choking.-Definition; danger; prevention; articles that may cause death; danger of putting objects in mouth.

Treatment: Blows between shoulders; remove object with finger or bent spoon handle.

When hard objects, like tacks, keys, and pins are swallowed, eat plenty of oatmeal, bread, potatoes, and hard-boiled eggs to prevent injury to intestines.

Convulsions or spasms.-Usually seen in children under 5 years of age.

Causes: Indigestible food, such as nuts, fruits, and other things that are not well chewed; constipation and worms also are causes. Symptoms: Jerking of head and twitching of muscles of body;. Violent struggles followed by unconsciousness.

What to do: Place feet and legs in warm water; apply cloth wrung out of cold water to forehead and temples, changing the cloth every minute or two, so as to keep the head as cool as possible; cause the bowels of patient to move.

Cuts and nail wounds.-Cuts made by rusty or dirty knives and deep punctured wounds made by nails are very dangerous; should be allowed to bleed freely to wash out dirt and germs; wash wound with boiled water; danger of tetanus.

Fainting.-Causes: Pain, fatigue, loss of blood, bad ventilation, objectionable sights, as flowing of blood.

Symptoms: Face pale, lips white, breathing quickened, cold sweat on brow and palm of hands.

What to do: Lay sick person flat on floor or bed; open doors and windows; loosen clothing; sprinkle cold water on face; give cold water or milk when able to swallow.

Fits.-Symptoms: Person unable to control muscles and throws arms and legs in all directions; froths at the mouth; face dark and veins of neck distended. (Condition commonly known as epilepsy.) What to do: Loosen collar; place handkerchief or clothespin between the teeth to prevent biting the tongue; rest in a darkened

room.

Frostbites.-Caused by intense cold which interferes with circulation; usually affects ears, fingers, and toes; very painful condition may last for several weeks.

What to do: Rub affected parts with snow or ice water in cold room until tingling sensation is felt. This sensation shows that the circulation, which had stopped, has returned. Patient may then be brought nearer a fire or stove. The sore of a frostbite should be kept clean and treated as any other sore.

Sunstroke.-Causes: Fatigue and exposure to the rays of the sun during hot weather.

Symptoms: Dizziness, weakness, sick stomach; may become sleepy and partly unconscious; eyes red; skin hot and dry.

What to do: Keep patient cool by applying cold water to head, neck, and chest, or by wrapping patient in sheets wrung out of cold water. Wrap ice in flannel and apply to head.

Heat exhaustion.-Causes: Exposure to excessive heat, other than the rays of the sun, as the heat of boiler room, etc.

Symptoms: Skin cold and pale, giddiness, weakness, and sick stomach.

What to do: Do not use cold applications, as skin is cold and pale; free ventilation, perfect quiet, cup of strong coffee when able to swallow.

Clothing on fire.-Do not run; lie down, use blankets or coat as wrap; roll over and over to put out the flames; dangerous to stand, as flame will reach face and be breathed through mouth and nose. Note: Protect face as much as possible in passing through a burning building.

Artificial breathing. The bite of a poisonous snake, electrical shocks, the effects of certain drugs, anesthetics, and partial drowning may cause the muscles of respiration to cease acting and make

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it necessary to use some artificial means to make the air pass into and out of the lungs until the nervous system can recover from the shock and normal breathing be established.

Several methods may be employed, but for general purposes the following seems to be the most effective: The patient is immediately turned face downward and a heavy folded coat or a piece of wood is laid under the chest and upper part of the abdomen. The operator, then standing astride and facing the head of the subject, places his hands, one on either side, over the lowest parts of the ribs. By slowly bending forward and thus pressing on the thorax the air is driven out, and by gradually relaxing the pressure without removing the hands from their places the air is drawn into the lungs. These movements should be performed about 12 or 14 times a minute and kept up from a half to two hours.

Except in cases of partial drowning, where the first thing is to get the water out of the lungs and clear the air passages of mucus, another method is to place the patient on his back and put a pillow or folded coat or a bundle of weeds or grass under the shoulders to throw the chest out; loosen the clothing at the neck and waist and start artificial respiration by grasping the patient's arms and pulling them up far over the head while the operator counts one, two, three. The arms are then brought down to the sides and firm pressure exerted against the chest walls, so as to force the air out of the lungs; these movements are kept up from a half to two hours at the rate of 12 or 14 times a minute. When there are two or more persons to care for the patient, one should press the abdomen and chest when the arms are brought down to the sides in such a way as to force the abdominal organs and diaphragm upward.

The position with the patient on his back has the disadvantage of requiring the tongue to be drawn out of the mouth and held so as not to obstruct breathing.

Practical exercise: Drill in reviving supposed cases of apparent drowning and in producing artificial respiration in other cases. Drowning.-Definition: Suffocation caused by entrance of water into the lungs.

Symptoms: Evidence of body having been in water; swollen, discolored face, mouth usually open, nostrils closed by mucus.

What to do: Cleaning out nostrils and throat with finger; artificial respiration; strong coffee when able to swallow; rest in bed for several days.

Practice exercise: NOTE.-In every case of drowning in which the body has not been in the water more than an hour try to revive, and continue efforts for two hours before giving up.

Snake bites.-Suck poison out of wound if mouth is not sore. Apply bandage or handkerchief above wound, if on limb, and, with stick, make firm pressure. Leave in position until physician comes. Practical exercise: Drill in applying bandage and tightening by means of stick.

Suffocation from gas.-May be caused by escaping illuminating gas in a closed room or from coal stoves where there is no chimney draft or open windows.

What to do: Let plenty of fresh air into room. Loosen all tight clothing. Use artificial respiration; strong coffee when able to swallow.

Care of teeth, skin, eyes, nose, ears, throat, hands, and feet.

Care of clothing.

Public health:

Location of buildings:

Care of grounds.

Disposal of garbage, sewerage, etc.

Water supply.

Milk.

Flies and mosquitoes.

NOTE.-Definite assignment of work in textbooks.

FIFTH GRADE.

(Two lessons per week.)

Brief study of the framework of the body.

Muscles and exercise.

Skin.

Emergencies, and what to do:

Cuts, bruises, burns, sprains, fractures, bites, stings.
Foreign bodies in eyes.

Poisons.

Sunstroke, drowning, freezing.

Brain.

Nervous system.

Voice.