the palm of the hand the second time. Then carry the roll over the back of the hand so as to cover one-half of the previous turns. Repeat these turns until the hand is covered. Finish the bandage at the wrist. It is necessary to make three or four turns to cover the entire hand.

FIGURE-8 BANDAGE FOR THE ARM.

Use a roll 6 yards long by 2 inches wide. Begin at the wrist. Make two circular turns around the arm. Carry the bandage up and

FIGURE 28.-Roller bandage applied to elbow, arm,

and leg.

around the arm, down and around the wrist. Thus a figure 8 is made. The lower loop, which is the principal one, must be made to lie flat on the arm. The upper loop will gape at its lower edge; this gaping is concealed by the lower loop of the next figure-8 turn. Several of the figure-8 turns are made, each overlapping the preceding one by one-half the width of the roll until the arm is covered (fig. 27). Finish with two circular turns around the arm. The thigh or leg may be bandaged by the same method.

age to prevent its loosening on making the reverse. Loosen the grasp on the roll, and with the right hand open, turn over, or reverse, the bandage. Carry the roll first directly down the arm and then obliquely to the right, until its lower edge is on a level with the edge

of the preceding turn. (See fig. 25.) Make the reverse as smooth as possible. Pass the roll around the arm and grasp it with the fingers of the left hand. Remove the thumb, draw the bandage as firmly as desired, bring the roll up, pass it to the right hand, and repeat the reverse. Continue the reverses until the tapering part of the arm is covered, then cover the remaining part with circular turns. To fasten the bandage make three. circular turns around the limb, and pin with a safety pin.

BANDAGE FOR THE CHEST OR
BACK.

Use a roll 8 yards long by 3 inches wide. Begin well up on the chest and make two or three circular turns around the body just below the armpits. Descend by slow spiral turns, covering one-half to two-thirds of the width of the preceding turn, until the waist line is reached (fig. 29). Stop the turns at the back; pin the bandage and bring the roll up over the right shoulder and down to the lowest turn in front,

FIGURE 29.-Roller bandages applied to chest and back. Spica bandage applied to the groin. Spiral reverse bandage aplied to thumb and to finger.

where it should be pinned and ended. A pin placed in every turn will keep the turns from slipping down.

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SPICA BANDAGE FOR THE GROIN.

To make a spica a bandage for the groin (fig. 29), use a roll 8 yards long by 3 inches wide. Start the bandage on the outer side of the thigh. If the right groin is to be bandaged, make two circular turns around the right thigh well up toward the crotch. On reaching the outside of the thigh carry the roll upward and across the belly to a point over the left hip joint; then around the back to the right

So called because of its looking somewhat like an ear or spike of barley. Spica is from a Latin word meaning ear.

hip joint, and down to the circular turns. Bring the roll around to the inside of the thigh, crossing the upper circular turn. Then pass the roll around to the outside of the thigh, covering one-half of the previous turn. Make two or more complete turns around the thigh, each parallel to the first turn, and covering the previous turns. Secure the end with a safety pin.

SPICA BANDAGE FOR THE THUMB.

In making a spica bandage for the thumb (fig. 29), use a roll 3 yards long by 1 inch wide. Beginning at the wrist, make two circular turns around the wrist, then carry the roll downward across back of hand to the end of the thumb. Make a circular and one or two spiral turns around the end of the thumb. Make a number of figure-8 turns, overlapping each other by half the width of the roll, by passing the roll alternately around the thumb and around the hand. Do not bring the bandage lower than the middle of the thumb nail, and commence the figure-8 turns at the end of the thumb. In ending the bandage make two circular turns around the wrist, and pin.

SPIRAL REVERSE BANDAGE FOR THE FINGER.

In making a spiral reverse bandage for the finger (fig. 29), use a roll 2 yards long by 1 inch wide. Begin at the wrist. Make two circular turns around wrist, then bring the roll tightly over the back of the hand to the injured finger. Make two or three descending spiral turns until the tip of the finger is reached, make one or two circular turns to fasten the bandage, and ascend the finger by spiral reverse turns. Finish the bandage by carrying the roll across the back of the hand and fastening it around the wrist.

SPIRAL BANDAGE FOR THE KNEE.

To bandage the knee, follow the method given for elbow dressing. (See fig. 27.)

SPIRAL BANDAGE FOR THE HEEL.

To make a spiral bandage for the heel (fig. 27), use a roll 5 yards long by 24 inches wide. Begin on top of the foot. Make two circular turns around the foot with the lower edge of the bandage no farther forward than the first joints of the toes (fig. 27). Make one or two ascending turns until the top of the instep is reached. Bring the roll directly over the point of the heel and return to the instep. Then carry the roll down the outer side of the foot to the sole, back across the inner side of the heel, and back again to the instep. Next carry the roll down the inner side of the foot around the sole, back across the outer side of the heel, and up in front of the ankle joint. Make one or two turns around the ankle, and tie or pin.

DRESSINGS.

WOUND DRESSINGS.

Never attempt to wash wounds. Leave this work to the mine physician. The danger of infecting a wound by washing unclean things into the tissue is too great. Remove the soiled clothing from the wound as quickly as possible. Stop the bleeding by some one of the methods described under hemorrhage. Cover the wound with a compress of sterile gauze (fig. 30) and then cover all firmly with a bandage. For further instruction see "Wounds," page 25.

DRESSINGS FOR BURNS AND SCALDS.

Carefully remove the clothing from the burned part. Exclude the air as quickly as possible from the burned surface with some clean covering.

There are a number of good coverings for burns, the one most generally used by first-aid men is picric-acid gauze. This gauze is ordinary sterile gauze which has been saturated with a one-half to one per cent solution of picric acid. It has this advantage-it is clean and ready for use.

Moisten the picric-acid gauze with clean water and put it over the burned surface. Over the gauze place a layer of absorbent cotton, then apply a bandage to hold in place.

Carron oil, which is a mixture of equal parts of limewater and linseed oil, is often used, and is very good. It is applied as follows: Take a piece of sterilized gauze large enough to cover the burned surface; saturate the gauze with carron oil and cover the burn. Dress with absorbent cotton and cover with a bandage.

Vaseline, sweet oil, olive oil, and balsam oil are all good dressings. If nothing better is at hand dissolve some bicarbonate of soda in sterilized water. Gauze wrung out of this and spread over the

FIGURE 31.-Dressing for fracture of the arm.

burn will give relief. Remember that severe burns are accompanied by shock, and always treat a burned patient for shock as well as for burns. For further information on this subject see "Burns and Scalds," page 27, and "Shock," page 24.

DRESSINGS FOR FRACTURES.

DRESSING A COMPOUND FRACTURE.

In compound fractures there is always an open wound through the skin and flesh down to the break in the bone; therefore, the clothing should be removed and the wound treated first. If one end of the broken bone protrudes through the flesh, it should not be pulled back in place by the first-aid man because it may have come in contact with the clothing or become infected in some way, and to pull it back would drag the infected part deep down into the wound.

Splints are used to dress wounds and fractures. The size of a splint varies according to the

length and thickness of the part to which it is to be applied. All splints should be padded with some soft material such as cotton, waste, clothing, etc.

DRESSING FOR FRACTURE OF THE ARM.

In treating fractures of the arm (fig. 31), use two short splints and three folded triangular bandages. Place one splint on the underside of the arm. It should extend from the armpit to the elbow.