THE HOUSE FLY.

“*** and the land was corrupted by reason of the swarm of flies" (Exodus 8:24). Thus from Biblical times the house fly, typhoid or filth fly has been with mankind spreading filth and disease. Flies breed in filth, rubbish, or garbage; the vast majority of flies are bred in stable manure. If you turn up a pile of moist manure in the summer time, frequently it will be swarming with maggots. Each maggot becomes a fly. The yard and stable should be kept scrupulously clean. The stable should be cleaned at regular intervals and the manure should be scattered and allowed to dry so that the fly eggs will not hatch.

Flies carry upon their bodies and legs filth and dirt, in which are many disease germs. Typhoid fever, diarrhea, dysentery, the diarrheal diseases of children, and other diseases are spread by flies.

As flies breed in filth, clean up the filth and the flies will have no places in which to grow. Flies are a pretty good index to the cleanliness of a place. Many flies mean there is much filth somewhere near. There are many places around mining camps where flies may breed-in stables, in heaps of garbage, in insanitary privies.

Swat the fly is good, put up screens is better, clean up filth is best. "Every man swept before his own door and lo, the city was clean."

MOSQUITOES.

Mosquitoes are annoying pests and certain kinds are dangerous because they spread diseases. Malaria is spread from one person to another by the bite of a mosquito. Get the mosquito before he gets you by destroying his breeding places. Mosquitoes lay eggs in water. These develop into "wiggle tails," then into full-grown mosquitoes. The female mosquito lays her eggs in stagnant water, along the banks in slow-running streams, also in tin cans or other places where water may stand.

Destroy the breeding places and banish the mosquito. No mining camp should tolerate mosquitoes. Drain the stagnant water, allow no rubbish, cans, or pools about the camp. Pour kerosene oil on the pools or ponds that can not be drained. Ducks are excellent for catching mosquitoes. Fish in pools or ponds aid in destroying mosquitoes by eating the wigglers and young mosquitoes.

Mosquitoes that carry malaria bite most frequently at night. They seemingly prefer dark objects, as dark articles of clothing. The female mosquito does the biting, as the male very rarely leaves the breeding place.

When a mosquito bites a person with malaria it draws up into its stomach the malaria germs which are in the blood of the sick person. Later, when it bites someone else it transfers these malaria germs.

Help the Government by owning a Liberty Bond.

Every mining camp should have some system of garbage collection and disposal. Garbage cans with tight-fitting covers should be at every home, and a wagon for the collection of garbage and refuse should make regular trips through the camp. A small incinerator for disposal of garbage is a valuable part of the sanitary equipment of any mining camp.

TYPHOID FEVER.

Typhoid fever is a filth disease, which is carried from one person to another (see fig. 1) through food, water, or milk in which there is human filth. Typhoid-fever germs come from other cases of typhoid fever or from a person who, though apparently well, throws off the germs in the discharges from his body. Such a person is called a "carrier."

The only way typhoid fever can be contracted is to swallow the germs, which reach the mouth through food, the fingers, or flies.

FIGURE 1.-How typhoid fever, dysentery, and cholera spread from person to person.

The germs, or seed, of typhoid fever must be swallowed in order to contract the disease.

Typhoid fever is preventable. The safe disposal of all human filth everywhere would soon stamp out typhoid fever entirely. The insanitary privy is one of the most fruitful means of spreading typhoid fever.

Every home in every mining camp should have a sanitary privy or a properly made water-closet. No home is safe unless provision is made for the safe disposal of the human filth at that place. Sanitary privies save lives.

VACCINATION AGAINST TYPHOID FEVER.

Typhoid vaccination is a rapid and safe means to prevent typhoid fever. When typhoid fever occurs in a family, in addition to taking all sanitary precautions, every member of the family should receive the typhoid vaccine. It can be given to children with perfect safety. The vaccine is given hypodermically in three doses, at 10-day intervals. See your doctor about taking typhoid vaccine.

With good wages and plenty of work every miner should own a Liberty Bond.

America's most valuable product, babies.
Nurse baby at regular intervals by the clock.
Poverty, ignorance, and neglect kill many babies.
Keep the baby away from contagious diseases.
Baby should sleep alone in a crib, not a cradle.
Every child should be vaccinated against smallpox.
Save food but do not underfeed growing children.
Learn to speak English if you are foreign born.
Francis Scott Key born, 1780.

Buy War Savings Stamps. Be patriotic.
Watch the newborn baby's eyes for inflammation.
Baby needs fresh air.

13

Wed.

14 Thu.

Do not wean baby suddenly; do so gradually.
Gold discovered in Alaska, 1896.

16 Sat.

Every fifth baby born dies from preventable causes.

17 Sun.

Mother's milk was made for babies.

While the cause of miners' consumption is found entirely in the underground work of the miners, yet the poor and often miserable conditions under which so many of them live and the presence of tuberculous foci al combine to reduce their vitality and resistance on the one hand and directly to increase their chance of tuberculous infection on the other. A. J. LANZA,

Passed Assistant Surgeon, United States Public Health Service.

TYPHOID FEVER.

Typhoid fever is a filth disease, which is carried from one person to another (see fig. 1) through food, water, or milk in which there is human filth. Typhoid-fever germs come from other cases of typhoid fever or from a person who, though apparently well, throws off the germs in the discharges from his body. Such a person is called a "carrier."

The only way typhoid fever can be contracted is to swallow the germs, which reach the mouth through food, the fingers, or flies.

FIGURE 1.-How typhoid fever, dysentery, and cholera spread from person to person.

The germs, or seed, of typhoid fever must be swallowed in order to contract the disease.

Typhoid fever is preventable. The safe disposal of all human filth everywhere would soon stamp out typhoid fever entirely. The insanitary privy is one of the most fruitful means of spreading typhoid fever.

Every home in every mining camp should have a sanitary privy or a properly made water-closet. No home is safe unless provision is made for the safe disposal of the human filth at that place. Sanitary privies save lives.

VACCINATION AGAINST TYPHOID FEVER.

Typhoid vaccination is a rapid and safe means to prevent typhoid fever. When typhoid fever occurs in a family, in addition to taking all sanitary precautions, every member of the family should receive the typhoid vaccine. It can be given to children with perfect safety. The vaccine is given hypodermically in three doses, at 10-day intervals. See your doctor about taking typhoid vaccine.

With good wages and plenty of work every miner should own a Liberty Bond.