must be made to the Commissioner of Patents, and should be signed by the author or proprietor, or for the author or proprietor by a duly authorized agent. A complete application comprises-(a) A statement addressed to the Commissioner of Patents, disclosing applicant's name, nationality, and place of doing business; whether author or proprietor, and, if proprietor, a disclosure of the nationality of the author; the title of the print or label, and the name of the article of manufacture for which the print or label is to be used. (b) Ten copies of the print or label, one of which, when the print or label is registered, shall be certified under the seal of the Commissioner of Patents and returned to the author or proprietor. (c) A statement of its nonpublication prior to date of filing. (d) A fee of $6. The title of the print or label must appear on the copies filed. The deposit of the ten copies required should be made before the publication of the print or label, the law providing that no person shall be entitled to a copyright unless he shall also, not later than the date of publication thereof in this or any foreign country, deliver the required copies of the print or label in the office of registry. The statute is constructed to provide for the registration of any print or label without examination as to its novelty. The word 'print' so far as it relates to registration in the Patent Office, is defined as an artistic and intellectual production designed to be used for an article of manufacture and in some fashion pertaining thereto, but not borne by it; such, for instance, as an advertisement thereof. The word 'label' is defined as an artistic and intellectual production impressed or stamped directly upon the article of manufacture, or upon

a slip or piece of paper or other material, to be attached in any manner to manufactured articles, or to bottles, boxes, and packages containing .m, to indicate the article of manufacture. Copyright registration in the Patent office entitles the proprietor to insert in the copies of the print a notice in the form, 'Copyright, 190–, by A. B.'

Trademarks.

A trademark is a name, sign, symbol,

It

or device employed by a person, firm, or corporation for the purpose of indicating to customers that the goods upon which it appears are made or sold by him, them, or it, or to indicate the business conducted or the place where the business is carried on. Its purpose is to protect whoever uses it from the competition of inferior articles, and to protect the public from imposition. differs from copyright in that it is recognized by the common law, so that the right of property in it will be maintained without statutory support. Once there was much discussion as to whether authors had property rights in 'the children of their brains', but now it is agreed that such rights spring only from copyright statutes. So marked indeed is the distinction that if the name of a publication which might have been protected as a trademark, should be applied to a copyrighted publication, it will not be protected as a trade-mark after the copyright expires. In other words, it may forfeit its inherent property right, by assuming for a time the statutory right.

It is in the matter of names that trade-mark law particularly interests authors and publishers, for it has been applied to their protection in the use of the titles of periodicals, newspapers, books, and pamphlets, Such

titles may be protected as trade-marks provided they are to some extent arbitrarily selected, and do not describe the geographical location of the place of publication, or the author, or the subject-matter so closely as to give cthers a right to use the name with equal truth. Inasmuch as the general purpose of the law in its publishing application is to prevent deceit, the endeavor of the courts is to determine whether what is alleged to be an imitation, is calculated to deceive and would in fact deceive. When the court held that 'El Cronista' was no infringement of 'La Cronica'one meaning 'the chronicler' and the other 'the chronicle' — the judge said: "I do not mean to say that a newspaper proprietor cannot appropriate and by long use acquire a property in a name, which the courts will protect against piracy. But that I understand to be the extent of the rule, and that any mere assimilation of the name. unless it was very clearly calculated to deceive the public — would not be unlawful.”

Among titles held to conflict have been: 'The Real John Bull' and 'The Old Real John Bull'— 'The Iron Trade Circular (Rylands)' and 'The Iron Trade Circular (edited by Samuel Griffiths)''Chatter Book' and 'Chatter Box'-'Independent National System of Penmanship' and 'Payson, Dunton, and Scribner's National System of Penmanship''National Police Gazette' and 'United States Police Gazette'-'The Children's Birthday Text Book' and 'The Birthday Scripture Text Book' — 'English Society' and 'London Society''The London Journal' and 'The Daily London Journal' (the court suggesting that "The Daily Journal' would be permissible).

Among titles held not to conflict have been: 'Punch'

and 'Punch and Judy'— 'The Electrical Age' and 'The Electrical World''Engineering News and American Railway Journal' and 'The Railroad and Engineering Journal' Evening Post' and 'The Morning Post' "The Northwest News' and 'The New Northwest' - 'The Grocer' and 'The American Grocer'-'The New Era' and 'The Domestic Republican New Era'-'Old Moore's Pictorial Almanack' and 'The Pictorial Almanack'.

An author cannot acquire a right to the protection of his writings under an assumed name as a trade-name or trade-mark, and no pseudonym, however ingenious, novel, or quaint, can give one any more rights than he would have under his own name, or defeat the policy of the law that the publication of literary matter, without protection by copyright, has dedicated such matter to the public.

PAPER.

All vegetable growths consist of (1) cells or fibers mainly composed of cellulose and (2) various intercellular matters. The paper maker's task is to reduce the selected vegetable substance to pulp; to remove as much of the intercellular matter as may be desirable; to dilute the pulp so as to disintegrate the fibres perfectly; and then to reassemble the fibers by depositing them in the form of a sheet, at the same time getting rid of the water quickly.

A great variety of fibers have been used in making papers. Those that have come to be in general use today were classified as follows in order of value by the Committee of the Society of Arts on the deterioration of paper: (A) Cotton, flax, and hemp. (B) Wood celluloses (a) sulphite process and (b) soda and sulphate process.

(C) Esparto and straw celluloses. (D) Mechanical wood pulp. The Committee prescribed as a normal standard of quality for book papers required for publications of permanent value, not less than seventy per cent. of fibers of Class A.

Cotton and flax fibers, secured chiefly from rags, were until within a generation the chief materials in use, but now not more than five or six per cent. of the paper made in the United States is 'rag' paper. The value, however, of all the rags used in the last census year was two-thirds that of all the pulp, showing that the commercial estimate of the ratio of merit of the two materials is about ten to Wood fibers were originally resorted to as substitutes for the materials used in the cheapest grades of paper, and so were naturally looked upon with suspicion, which in fact was warranted by their crude methods of preparation. As processes have been improved, it has become possible to use the wood fibers in better grades of paper, and very likely their relative worth is now in reality much greater than the figures would indicate.

one.

Wood pulp is produced by grinding the wood mechanically or by disintegrating it through the use of chemicals, and so is known as either mechanical wood pulp or chemical wood pulp. In the mechanical process, comparatively little of the intercellular matter is removed, and hence the relative inferiority of the product. Of the chemical pulp, that produced by the soda process is inferior, partly because of the nature of the wood most used (chiefly poplar) and partly because of its drastic treatment, resulting in a much softer product, with fibers shorter and therefore of less strength. In the sulphite