borough, and accomplish the last stage of their long journey on foot, along the Roman road. At length, from the summit of St. Martin's Hill, they would come in sight of their future home; a city in the meadow, beside the little river Swale, surrounded by Roman walls, with some Roman buildings of mixed brick and stone, standing lofty and massive among the low timber houses of the English. A little to the left, outside the city, they would see the recently repaired Roman Church of St. Martin, in which Bishop Liudhard maintained the divine service for Queen Bertha and her people. Here they again formed themselves into procession, and entered the city amidst the wonder of the townspeople, singing: "We beseech Thee, O Lord, in all Thy mercy, that Thy anger and wrath be turned away from this city, and from Thy holy house, because we have sinned. Hallelujah!"

THE boundaries of the Kingdom of Kent were the sam as those of the modern county, but the condition the country was very different. The extensive forest Andred covered a great part of the south-west of th country, dense woods fringed the borders of Romne Marsh, another great tract of woodland spread beyon Canterbury to the north. The Weald of Kent, a ridg of hills covered with scrub, extended through th middle of the country.

Only a small portion of the land was occupied, ar it is hard to realise how small was the population The Roman fortresses, by which the coast had bee protected from the Saxon pirates, Rutupia (Ric borough), Dubræ (Dover), and Portus Lemanis (Lymne must have been in good preservation then, and possib garrisoned; the other Roman towns of Regulbiu (Reculver), Durovernum (Canterbury), and Durobriv (Rochester), seem to have survived storm and sac and perhaps still existed partly in ruins, but more less inhabited. Roman roads ran from Richboroug through Canterbury and Rochester, to London; othe from Canterbury to Dover and to Lymne, and fro 1 The population of all England four centuries later was only t millions.

Richborough to Dover; and still another branched off from the main London road to a spot opposite the Roman town at East Tilbury, on the north side of the Thames, where a ferry across the river formed the usual passage between the two countries of Kent and Essex.

There is a question of considerable importance in the history of this period, which is still under discussion and awaiting further archæological discoveries for its determination: to what extent the RomanoBritish population was slaughtered by, or driven away before, the Teutonic conquerors. The general course of the conquest of Italy by the Goths, and of Gaul by the Franks and Burgundians, was that, on the defeat of the Roman armies, the country submitted to its new masters. The cities capitulated, and were allowed to retain their old municipal life under their own magistrates and laws; the Barbarian king requiring nothing more than the tribute and service which had been rendered to the Emperor. Land was demanded for the new settlers, but with remarkable consideration for old proprietors.

The Barbarian tribes who fell upon Britain were more fierce and barbarous than the Goths and Franks, who had long been in contact with the Empire, while Britain was disorganised and less able to hold its own against the invaders. It has been held by some historians, that the Jutes, Saxons, and Angles waged a war of extermination, storming and sacking every town and massacring the inhabitants, and slaying all the inhabitants of the open country who failed to make their escape. The very neighbourhood at which we have arrived affords an actual example of the destruc

tion of a town, for the history expressly says tha Anderida, a town on the Sussex side of the grea forest which covered half Kent, was stormed and no a soul left alive in it. On the other hand, it is main tained by others that such ruthless warfare wa contrary to the habits of the Teutonic people, the there are many evidences that the life of some of th towns continued through the crisis, and that many the native inhabitants of the open country retaine their places on the soil, and submitted to and we spared by the conquerors.

Without entering into the general question, w venture to say that there are reasons for thinkin that in Kent at least some of the towns survive the conquest, or at least were speedily rebuilt an re-peopled, and that many of the Britons remaine in the country places. To begin with, the Jut obtained their first footing in the Isle of Than by its cession to them; and they were for som time in friendly relations with the neighbourin people. Their mastery over the rest of Kent seen to have been determined by the result of sever great battles, two of which, the history tells us, we fought at Crayford, and the defeated Britons fle towards Londinium. This looks like the effort, not the natives of Kent to defend their own land, but lik an effort on the part of the British authoritieswas the beginning of the conquest, and the Britis organisation was not yet broken up-to defeat an expel the invaders. The native inhabitants woul find near and inaccessible places of refuge from force which they could not resist, in the woods, th weald, the forest, and the marshes. The towns we

all in positions in which the advantages of situation, and the necessities of society, required that towns should be; at the ports-Regulbium, Rutupiæ, Dubræ, and Lemanis; along the great roads-at Durovernum, Durolevum, and Durobrivæ, through which the intercourse of the country with the Continent passed. The conquerors, after all, were few in number, and could not profitably occupy the whole of the cultivated land; and it seems likely that, while seizing all they wanted, they would leave the conquered people to live upon the remainder.

But one thing seems certain, that the heathen conquerors had stamped out the Christian religion.

We are specially concerned at present with the city of Durovernum, to which the new inhabitants had given the new name of Cantwara-byrig, into which we have seen the Italian mission enter in procession, with cross and banner and chanted litany. Externally its walls and gates gave it the aspect of a Roman city, and our band of monks might be encouraged by the thought that they were entering a city like one of those of Gaul, through which they had lately passed in their long pilgrimage. Internally they would find a different state of things. It was the capital of the Jute Kingdom, which had been in a condition of settled prosperity for one hundred and fifty years. The houses of the Roman towns in Britain had usually only foundations of masonry and walls of timber; a storm and sack and conflagration, if that had been the fate of Durovernum, would leave a heap of ruins. But the charred timbers and heaps of roof-tiles would have been long since cleared away, and new houses built by the Jute inhabitants, and there must have been by this time a