In 1844 the number of persons who emigrated from ports in England was 50,257; Scotland, 4504; Ireland, 15,925. The number of emigrants who embarked at Liverpool was 44,427, and from London only 2303. The number of cabin passengers was 4889, of whom 4070, or 1 in 12, were from England; 663, or 1 in 7, were from Scotland; 156, or 1 in 102, were from Ireland. The destination of the English, Scotch, and Irish emigrants is shown in the subjoined table.

Went to

United States
Central and South

America. North American Colonies.

British West Indies

668 43

8,058 2,470 12,396
16

283 197

Foreign do..

38

1

East Indies

131

45

Hong Kong

17

1

China.

9

called Imperium, which was conferred on the Roman kings by the Comitia Curiata (Cicero, De Repub. ii. 17). This was the case with Tullus Hostilius, and his predecessor Numa, and his successor Ancus Marcius. Under the Republic the title was sometimes conferred on an individual for the occasion of a triumph (Livy, xxvi. 21; xlv. 35). Cicero (Philipp. ix. 16), defines Imperium to be "that power without which military affairs cannot be carried on, an army commanded, or a war conducted." Con

(Sue

English. Scots. Irish.
39,070 1,597 2,993 formably to this we have an instance in
Livius, in which the Senate refused to
acknowledge a general as a commander
because he had not received the Impe-
rium in due form (xxvi. 2). In his ora-
tion on the Lex Manilia, Cicero says that
a single Imperator was required to con-
duct the war against Mithridates (c. 2).
The name used by the Greek historians
of Rome to express Imperator is Autocra-
tor (auтоkρáтwр), one who has full power,
from which is derived the word autocrat,
which is sometimes applied to the Empe-
ror of Russia. C. Julius Cæsar assumed
the name Imperator as a prænomen, or
title (Imperator C. Julius Cæsar), a prac-
tice which was followed by his successors,
as we may observe on their coins.
tonius, Casar, 76.) There are examples
of this title in the coins of Antoninus,
Aurelius, and other Roman emperors.
On the reverse of the coin of Aurelius
we observe Imp. VIII., that is Imperator
octavum, or imperator the eighth time,
which shows, as indeed can be proved
from a variety of examples, that the Ro-
man emperors often assumed the title on
special occasions when they or their ge
nerals had obtained some signal victory.
This term Imperator, under the early
emperors, cannot be considered as de-
noting any sovereign power. But still
this distinction was observed: the em-
peror, when the title was applied to him
in his sovereign capacity, had the name
Imperator prefixed, as Imperator Cæsar
Augustus; but the individual to whom
the honorary distinction was given on
some particular occasion had it placed
after his name, Iunius Blæsus Imperator,
as in the Republican period.

The various political questions which arise from the connexion between a parent state and colony are treated of in "An Essay on the Government of Dependencies," by George Cornewall Lewis, London, 1841.

EMPANNEL. [PANEL.]

EMPEROR, from the Latin Imperator. Among the early Romans the title of Imperator was bestowed by the acclamations of his soldiers in the camp on a commander-in-chief who had signalized himself by a victory. (Tacit. Annal. iii. 74.) In the case mentioned by Tacitus, Tiberius is said to have allowed the soldiers to salute Blæsus by the title of Imperator (Compare Velleius, ii. 125). But the word Imperator was properly applied to him who had what the Romans

After the time of the Antonines the

term Imperator seems gradually to have | Edgar, in a charter to Oswald bishop of grown into common use as one of the Winchester, styled himself "Anglorum titles which expressed the sovereign of Basileus omnium que regum insularum the Roman world, though the name oceani que Britanniam circumjacentis Princeps was also long used as indicating cunctarum que nationum quæ infra eam the same rank and power. (See the Dedi- includuntur Imperator et Dominus." Alcation of J. Capitolinus to Constantine.) fonso VII. also, in the 12th century, It may be difficult to state when this styled himself Emperor of Spain. It term Imperator became exclusively the might be easily shown how the title and designation of the Roman sovereign. In rank of king and emperor have been the introduction to the Digest (De Con- feudalized, as it were, in passing through ceptione Digestorum), Justinian assumes the ordeal of the middle ages. the title of Imperator Cæsar Flavius Jus- ENDOWMENT. [DowER; BENEtinianus, &c., semper Augustus. In the FICE; USES, CHARITABLE.] proemium to the Institutes, Justinian ENEMY. [ALIEN, p. 102.] uses the terms Imperatoria Majestas to ENFEOFFMENT. FEOFFMENT.] express his sovereign power, and yet in ENFRANCHISEMENT. The Third the same paragraph he calls himself by Annual Report of the Copyhold Commisthe name of Princeps, a term which sioners, dated 22nd June, 1844, gives the dates from the time of the so-called Re- following information respecting the propublic, and expressed the precedence gress of enfranchisement of manors under given to one particular member of the the Copyhold Act. The Commissioners Senate. The term Princeps was adopted state that "enfranchisement of church by Augustus as the least invidious title property is now proceeding to a considerof dignity, and was applied to his suc-able extent, and there is every reason to

cessors.

From the emperors of the West this title, in the year 800, devolved to Charlemagne, the founder of the second or German empire of the West. Upon the expiration of the German branch of the Carlovingian family, the imperial crown became elective, and continued so until the last century. The title of Emperor of Germany now no longer exists: Francis II. laid it aside, and assumed the title of Emperor of Austria. The only other European potentate who uses the style of emperor is the autocrat of Russia, the monarchs of which country, about the year 1520, exchanged their former title of duke or great duke of Russia, for that of Czar or Tzar. In early times it was asserted by the civilians that the possession of the imperial crown gave to the emperors of Germany, as titular sovereigns of the world, a supremacy over all the kings of Europe, though such was never attempted to be exercised; and they denied the existence of any other empire: but in spite of this denial it is certain that several of the kings of France of the second race, after they had lost the empire of Germany, styled themselves Basileus and Imperator. Our own King

suppose that in manors held by ecclesiastical persons the disposition to avail themselves of the act will become general." Enfranchisements had also increased in other manors, but not in the same proportion, and that the act had encouraged building, especially in the neighbourhood of London. They suggested, as an improvement, that, without being in any way compulsory on the lord, enfranchisements might be made binding on the other tenants, if two-thirds of the tenants, in number and value, agreed. At present it may happen that the lord is willing to enfranchise, and he can make arrangements with the principal tenants; but if there is a difficulty in agreeing with the smaller tenants, enfranchisement is hindered, as the lord might be left with the dregs of the manor.

ENGROSSING. [FORESTALLING.]

ENLISTMENT, an engagement to serve as a private soldier either during an unlimited period or for a certain number of years, on receipt of a sum of money. Enlistment differs from enrolment, inasmuch as it is a voluntary act, whereas the latter is, under some circumstances, rendered compulsory as in the case of men who are selected by bal

The practice of impressing men to serve as soldiers, on sudden emergencies, was formerly very common in England; and it is well known that within the last half century young men were entrapped and secretly conveyed away to recruit the armies employed in the east. The discovery of this illegal and disgraceful method of obtaining soldiers was speedily followed by its abolition; and now, the East India Company's troops, as well as those of the regular army, are obtained by voluntary engagement.

lot for the militia in this country, or by | hours afterwards notice is to be given to the conscription, for military service the recruit, or left at his place of abode, generally, on the continent. of his having so enlisted: and again, within four days from the time of receiving the money, the recruit, attended by any person employed as above-said, is to appear before a magistrate (not being a military man), when, if he declare that he has voluntarily enlisted, the magistrate is to question him concerning his name, age, and condition, and particu larly to inquire of him whether he is then serving, or whether he have ever served, in the army or navy. The magistrate is then to read to the recruit the articles of war relating to mutiny and desertion, and administer to him an oath of allegiance, of which a form is given in a schedule to the act: if the recruit refuse to take the oath, he may be im

The number of young men who are induced to enlist by the ambition of entering upon a course of life which appears to hold out a prospect of distinguishing themselves by gallant achieve-prisoned till he do so. ments in the field is, however, too small for the wants of the military service; and the allurement of a bounty must necessarily be presented in order that the ranks of the army may be filled. But the profession of a soldier can never possess such advantages as might induce an industrious man who can obtain a subsistence in another way to embrace it; and it is to be regretted that too frequently those who enter the service are thoughtless youths or men of indolent habits or desperate fortunes. Some attention, however, to the character of a person offering himself for enlistment is necessary if it be desired to render the service honourable; for it is found that idle and dissipated men are with difficulty brought to submit to the necessary restraints of discipline; their frequent desertions entail heavy losses on the government, and they often corrupt those who are compelled to associate with them. When circumstances render it necessary to enlist such men, it is obvious that they ought to be distributed in small numbers among the different regiments, and quartered in places remote from those from which they were taken.

But as the young and simple have been sometimes inveigled by illusory pro mises, or persuaded, while deprived of judgment by intoxication, to enlist, if a recruit, on reflection, wish to withdraw from the engagement into which he may have been surprised, it is provided by the 35th clause of the Mutiny Act that when taken before the magistrate as above he shall be at liberty to declare his dissent from such enlistment; on making which declaration and returning the enlistingmoney, with 20s. in addition for the charges which may have been incurred on his account, he shall be forthwith discharged. But if he omit within twentyfour hours after so declaring his dissent to pay such money, he is to be considered as enlisted, as if he had given his assent before the magistrate.

By the 34th clause of the Mutiny Act, every person who has received enlistingmoney from any military man employed in the recruiting service is considered as having enlisted; but within forty-eight

If a recruit, after receiving the enlistment-money, and after notice of having enlisted has been left at his place of abode, shall abscond, he may be apprehended and punished as a deserter, or for being absent without leave; and if it be discovered that he is unfit for active ser vice, in consequence of any infirmity which he had not declared before the magistrate, he may be transferred to any garrison, or veteran or invalid battalion, though he may have enlisted for some particular regiment. If it be proved that the recruit concealed the fact of his being

a discharged soldier, he may be sentenced to suffer punishment as a rogue or vagabond; and if, at the time of enlisting, he falsely denied being in the militia, he may be committed to the house of correction for a period not exceeding six months; and, from the day in which his engagement to serve in the militia ends, he is to be deemed a soldier in the regular forces.

An apprentice who shall enlist, denying himself to be such, is deemed guilty of obtaining money under false pretences; and, after the expiration of his apprenticeship, if he shall not deliver himself up to some officer authorised to receive recruits, he may be taken as a deserter. A master is not entitled to claim an apprentice who may have enlisted unless the claim be made within one month after the apprentice shall have left his service.

but if the person enlisting be under eighteen years of age, the difference between his age and eighteen years is added to each period. The enlistments for the Honourable East India Company's service are also for unlimited periods, or for twelve years, provided the recruit be not less than eighteen years of age.

The advantages of a limited period of service are, that a greater number of recruits are obtained under that condition, probably because men are more willing to engage themselves for a certain number of years than for life; and that, dur ing the period, opportunities are afforded of discovering the character of a man. Should this be such as to render it not advisable to retain him, he may be discharged at the end of his time of service; while an additional bounty, strengthened by the unwillingness of most men to leave the comrades with whom they have been long accustomed to associate, will probably induce a good soldier to reenlist should the continuance of his services be desired.

In the third clause of the Mutiny Act it is stated that no man enlisted as a soldier is liable to be arrested on account of any process for leaving a wife or child chargeable to a parish, or on account of any engagement to work for an employer (except that of an apprenticeship), or on account of any debt under 301. And in the 41st clause it is declared that negroes, purchased on account of the crown and serving in any of the regular forces, are deemed to be free, and are considered as soldiers having voluntarily enlisted. Every military officer acting contrary to the provisions of the Mutiny Act, in what regards enlisting recruits, is liable to be cashiered, and disabled to hold any civil or military office or employ-cording to his rating. At the end of his ment in her Majesty's service.

During the reign of Queen Anne it was the custom to enlist recruits for three years; but this period seems too short, considering the time unavoidably spent in training the men, to afford the government an advantage adequate to the expense of maintaining them; and the present practice is to enlist either for an unlimited period, as during the continuance of a war, or for certain defined numbers of years, which vary in the different classes of troops. For the infantry the period is seven years; for the cavalry ten years; and for the artillery twelve years;

By an act passed in 1835 a man is allowed to enlist in the navy for a period not exceeding five years, after which he is entitled to his discharge and to be sent home, if abroad, unless the commanding officer should conceive his departure to be detrimental to the service; such officer is then empowered to detain the man six months longer, or until the emergency shall cease, in which case the man is entitled, during such extra service, to receive an increase of pay amounting to one-fourth of that which he receives ac

time of service a seaman may re-enlist for a like period, and he will then be allowed the same bounty as at first. Seamen entering as volunteers within six days after a royal proclamation calling for the services of such men receive double bounty. In the year 1819 was passed that which is called the Foreign Enlistment Act, by which British subjects are forbidden to engage in foreign service without licence from the crown. This act for several years was suspended in favour of the British troops employed in the service of the present Queen of Spain. Lastly, a bill has recently passed,