and continued as follows: "Our new government is founded upon exactly opposite ideas. Its foundations are laid, its corner-stone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is his natural and normal condition."

Corporal's Guard.-The few supporters of President Tyler's administration are so called.

Corps de Belgique. (See American Knights.) Corwin, Thomas, was born in Kentucky, July 29, 1794. He was a lawyer by profession. He served in the Ohio Legislature, in the House of Representatives and the Senate, and as Governor of his State. In 1844 he was a presidential elector. Under President Fillmore he was Secretary of the Treasury. In 1861 he was appointed Minister to Mexico. He died December 18, 1865.

Cotton Whigs. (See Conscience Whigs.)

Council of Appointment.-The New York State Constitution of 1777 placed in a Council of Appointment the power to appoint chancellors, judges of the supreme court, all State officers except State treasurer, all mayors, recorders, sheriffs, clerks, justices of the peace;' in fact, nearly all civil and military officers except aldermen, constables, Assemblymen and Senators. The council consisted of the Governor and four Senators chosen by the Assembly. The Governor at first nominated, and the council confirmed or rejected the nominations, but in time the other members of the council claimed the right also to nominate, and in 1801 a convention, assembled for the purpose, declared this latter view of the Constitution correct, thus placing the Governor on the same footing as the other members. The enormous influence wielded by this body was vigorously used as a political weapon. The Constitution adopted in 1822 abolished the council.

Council of Revision.-A body created by the State Constitution of New York, adopted in 1777 and abolished by the Constitution adopted in 1822. It had the power of negativing any action of the Legislature unless passed by a two-thirds vote of each House.

Counting in the Alternative.-This phrase is applied to a method of counting the electoral vote of a State before Congress, sometimes adopted in cases where objections are raised to their reception. The first case of this kind was in 1821. Objection having been made to the reception of the vote of Missouri, the Houses directed the President of the Senate to declare that "if the votes of Missouri were to be counted the result would be for A. B. votes; if not counted, for A. B. votes; but in either event A. B. was elected." In 1837 the votes of Michigan, and in 1869 and in 1881 the votes of Georgia were so counted.

Counting Out.-It sometimes happens that the political candidate that has received the largest number of votes is, by fraud in the canvass, deprived of the office to which he has been elected, the vote of his opponent being made to appear larger than his. He is then said to have been counted out.

Courtesy of the Senate.-In considering the nomination made by the President for a federal office in any State, the Senate is almost invariably guided by the wishes of the Senators from that State. If only one of these Senators is of the party in the majority, his sole desire is followed. This practice is called the courtesy of the Senate. It is plainly a violation by the Senate of the trust imposed upon it by the Constitution regarding the confirmation of nominees. This practical control of federal nominations in the State gives the Senators great local influence. Since the consent of the Senators of a State is practically necessary to an appointment, it has become customary for the President to consult Senators before making appointments. The failure of President Garfield to consult the wishes of Senators Conkling and Platt, of New York, in the appointment of a Collector of the Port of New York in 1881, led to their resignation. They at once sought reëlection, but after a protracted fight in the Legislature they were not returned. (See Senate.) The term, "Courtesy of the Senate," is also applied in a general way to a number of customs governing that

body which have all the force of regularly adopted rules.

Courts. (See Judiciary.)

Cox, Sunset. (See Sunset Cox.)

Cradle of Liberty.-A name by which Faneuil Hall in Boston is known. During the Revolution it was the favorite meeting place of the Americans. The name is also sometimes applied to the city of Boston.

Credit Mobilier.-This was the name of a corporation formed for the purpose of building the Union Pacific Railroad. One of the most extensive scandals in the history of this country centered around this corporation and took its name from it. The Credit Mobilier of America was a corporation chartered by the State of Pennsylvania, originally under the name of the Pennsylvania Fiscal Agency. The control of this corporation passed to parties interested in the building of the Union Pacific, among whom were Oakes Ames and Oliver Ames, of Massachusetts. In August, 1867, the Credit Mobilier, through Oakes Ames, contracted with the Union Pacific Railroad to build for it 637 miles of road at prices aggregating $47,000,000. The value of the Credit Mobilier shares, estimated on the advantages to be derived from this contract, was 200 per cent. in December, 1867, and 300 or 400 per cent. in February, 1868. Oakes Ames was at that time a member of Congress, and fearing legislation adverse to the Union Pacific, he undertook to place the stock where it will do most good to us," as he put it. Accordingly, in December, 1867, he entered into contracts with various members of the House of Representatives to sell to them stock of the Credit Mobilier at par, merely stating that it was a good investment, and in some cases, in answer to a direct question, asserting that no embarrassment to them could flow from it, as the Union Pacific had received all the aid that it wanted from the government. Some of the members that thus bought stock paid for it; for others Ames advanced the money, agreeing to apply the dividends of the stock to the payment of the indebtedness. Two dividends received in 1868

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sufficed to pay for the entire stock of the latter class of members and left a small balance due to them. Among these members was James A. Garfield, of Ohio, and in the presidential campaign of 1880 his connection with this matter was brought up against him. The amount of money that he had thus received was $329, and the cry of 329" was a common one on the part of the Democrats in that campaign. Charges based on the Credit Mobilier affair had been circulated during the campaign of 1872, and on the assembling of Congress a committee of investigation was ordered by the House on the motion of the Speaker, James G. Blaine. The committee was appointed by a Democrat temporarily acting as Speaker, and consisted of two Democrats, two Republicans and one Liberal Republican. The committee recommended the expulsion of Oakes Ames, of Massachusetts, and of James Brooks, of New York, the former for having attempted to bribe members by sales of stock below its value, the latter for having received stock from the Credit Mobilier much below its value, knowing that it was intended to influence his action as a congressman and as government director in the Union Pacific. Moreover, as a director he must have known that the Credit Mobilier was to receive payments in securities of the Union Pacific, a fact of which the other members, so the committee found, were in ignorance. The House did not expel Ames and Brooks, but subjected them to the "absolute condemnation of the House." Though these were the only members punished, the innocence of some of the others was at least open to doubt.

Creek Wars. (See Indian Wars.)

Creole Case, The.-The Act of Congress of March 2, 1807, had allowed coastwise trade in slaves. In October, 1841, the brig Creole sailed from Hampton Roads for New Orleans with a cargo of 130 slaves. On the passage seventeen of the slaves mutinied, killed one of the owners, took possession of the vessel and put into Nassau, where the British authorities set free all the slaves that had not participated in the murder.

The United States demanded their return, claiming that having remained under the United States flag they had in effect remained on United States soil, and were therefore still slaves. Our claim was not admitted, and was finally disposed of during the negotiations for the extradition treaty of August 9, 1842. (See Giddings' Resolution.)

Crime Against Kansas is the name by which the speech of Charles Sumner, delivered in the Senate May 19 and 20, 1856, is known. It was directed against the acts of the slavery faction in the United States in its endeavors to secure the admission of Kansas as a slave State. (See Border War; Brown, John; Lecompton Constitution.) Senator Butler had attacked Sumner in debate and in this speech Sumner retorted. For this he was brutally assaulted by Butler's nephew. (See Brooks, Preston S.)

Crittenden Compromise.-In 1860, when secession of the Southern States was threatening, John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, offered a resolution that the Constitution be amended as follows: In all territory north of thirty-six degrees thirty minutes slavery was to be prohibited; in all territory south of that line it was to be protected. New States in either section were to determine for themselves. The resolution further declared that Congress had no power to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia as long as it existed in either Virginia or Maryland, nor without the consent of the inhabitants and compensation to non-assenting owners. Further provisions concerned slaves held by federal officers in the District, and damages for slaves freed by violence, while still others prohibited Congress from abolishing the inter-State slave trade and forbade future. amendments to the Constitution changing any of these provisions, or Article 1, section 2, clause 3, and Article 4, section 2, clause 3, of the Constitution, or abolishing slavery in any State. Then followed resolutions which declared the fugitive slave laws to be constitutional, recommending some slight changes in them, and requesting the State Legislatures to repeal or