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and rejected by him, the publication of the fact would count for much in the presidential election. The Northern Democrats were then proposing to run McClellan on a peace with union" platform, and if it could be shown that the South would consent to nothing less than independence, the continuation of the war would appear inevitable. Moved by this argument, Lincoln allowed Gilmore to go to Řichmond, informally and without diplomatic authority, to sound Davis as to his willingness to make peace on certain specified terms. These were briefly-(1) the restoration of the union, (2) the abolition of slavery, (3) full amnesty to all engaged in rebellion, (4) $400,000,000 in United States bonds to be distributed among the states to be used in payment for slaves at one-half their value in 1860. Southern states were to have immediate representation in Congress on the basis of their voting population, and a National Constitutional Convention was to be called to make such changes in the Constitution as might be necessary to perpetuate the new order of things. Gilmore went to Richmond and had several interviews with President Davis, but the latter refused to negotiate on any basis except those of complete Southern independence. Mr. Gilmore then returned, and wished to publish a full account of his mission, admitting its official character. President Lincoln, however, positively objected, and made Mr. Gilmore promise not to reveal the fact that he (Lincoln) had sanctioned the mission, or make public the terms offered. This was not done until 1887.

Give Me Liberty, or Give Me Death.-Patrick Henry delivered a speech in the Virginia Convention, in March, 1775, favoring a resolution "that the colony be immediately put in a state of defense," and concluded as follows: "Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!"

God Reigns, and the Government at Washington Still Lives.-These were the closing words of

a brief address made by James A. Garfield, then a representative in Congress, to a large assemblage in Wall Street, New York, on April 15, 1865, the morning after the assassination of Lincoln. The crowd were about to move for an attack on the World newspaper office, which had violently opposed Lincoln. Suddenly Garfield's voice was heard to calm their passions. He spoke briefly as follows: "Fellow-citizens! Clouds and darkness are round about Him. His pavilion is dark waters and thick clouds of the skies. Justice and judgment are the establishment of His throne. Mercy and truth shall go before His face. Fellow-citizens! God reigns, and the government at Washington still lives!"

Gold Bugs.-Those that oppose the compulsory coinage of standard silver dollars are so called by those that favor their compulsory coinage. (See Silver Question.)

Good Enough Morgan Till After Election.— Thurlow Weed was one of the foremost of the antiMasonic agitators in New York State. The disappearance of Morgan and the discovery of what was supposed to be his dead body, created intense excitement. (See Anti-Masonic Party.) Weed took full advantage of this feeling, and when doubt was cast on the identity of the body thus found, he is said to have remarked in private that it was a "good enough Morgan till after election."

Gotham.—A name sometimes applied to New York

City.

Government of the People, by the People, and for the People, Shall Not Perish from the Earth. -The last sentence of President Lincoln's Gettysburg speech. (See Lincoln, Abraham.)

Grand Army of the Republic.-Soon after the close of the Civil War Dr. B. F. Stephenson, who had been surgeon in a volunteer regiment, suggested the organization of Union veterans into a national association for mutual assistance. In accordance with his suggestion and by his efforts the first post was founded at Decatur, Illinois, April 6, 1866. Other posts in that

and other States were rapidly formed. The "post" is the local organization. The "department" is the State or territorial organization. The whole is under a commander-in-chief and a national council of administration consisting of one member from each department. Once a year there takes place a national convention or encampment at which the commander-in-chief is elected. A belief that the organization was intended for political purposes led to a considerable decrease of membership in 1868; to remedy which a rule was adopted forbidding any political use to be made of it. The first commanderin-chief was Stephen A. Hurlburt, elected at the national encampment at Indianapolis in 1866; the present incumbent is John Palmer, elected at the encampment at Detroit in 1891. The membership is now 398,270.

Grangers. In 1867 a secret society known as the Patrons of Husbandry was formed in Washington. Its object was to aid the farmers by enabling them to cooperate and purchase their supplies at first hand, and by offering opportunities for social and educational improvement. Lodges called Granges were established in several Western States. The association received a setback through the financial reverses of many of its lodges, which had, without proper training, engaged in business enterprises. Nevertheless, they succeeded in 1873 and 1874 in carrying the legislatures of Illinois and Wisconsin; these legislatures passed stringent laws directed against "extortion and unjust discrimination in the rates charged for the transportation of passengers and freights.' These acts were subsequently repealed but while they were in force had a very unfavorable effect on the railroads. In Congress their efforts led to considerable discussion regarding the regulation of interstate commerce, since consummated by the act of February 4, 1887. Similar societies-the Farmers' Alliance, in the South and Northwest, and the Agricultural Wheel, in the Middle South-are now becoming influential as social and agricultural powers. The Grangers have virtually passed out of politics.

Grant, Ulysses Simpson, or Hiram Ulysses Grant, was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, Ohio,

April 27, 1822, and died at Mt. McGregor, near Sara. toga, New York, July 23, 1885. His name was Hiram Ulysses, but an error on the part of the Congressman that named him for West Point caused his name to be entered there as Ulysses S., and by that name he has since gone; Simpson he adopted, it being a name in his mother's family. He graduated at West Point in 1843, and remained in the army until 1854, serving in the Mexican War. In 1854 he resigned his commission and engaged in business. At the outbreak of the Civil War he raised a company; he was rapidly promoted, and in 1862 had risen to the rank of major-general of volunteers. He was made major-general in the regular army July 4, 1863, lieutenant-general March 2, 1864, and finally general of the army July 25, 1866. He was for a short time Secretary of War, ad interum, under Johnson. The crowning event of his military career was the surrender of Lee to him at Appomattox, April 9, 1865. In 1868 he was nominated for the presidency by the Republican party and elected. In 1872 he was again elected. In 1880, one term having intervened, a strong effort to renominate him was made, but it failed. His second term was marked by various scandals like the Whisky Ring, but no one ever connected the President's name with them. Among the principal events of his administration are the completion of the Pacific Railways and the settlement of the Alabama claims. He was a plain man, possessed of much common sense; unskilled in public affairs and unfortunate in the choice of his civil subordinates; to these latter he clung even when their guilt was clear to other minds, and so made himself the target for much abuse. His world-wide reputation is due to his great military achievements.

Gray-Eyed Man of Destiny.-A phrase sometimes applied to Gen. William Walker, the filibuster.

Greasers.-A name applied to the Mexicans, especially during the Mexican War.

Great Beast with the Great Belly.-A name which the early Republicans (Democrats) applied to the navy on account of its expense.

Great Commoner.-A title given to Thaddeus Stevens and also to Henry Clay. The phrase was originally used with reference to William Pitt, a great leader in the English House of Commons in the latter part of the last century.

Great Pacificator. This name is applied to Henry Clay on account of his propensity to suggest compromises for the purpose of settling disputes. (See Missouri Compromise; Compromise of 1850; Compromise Tariff.)

Greeley, Horace, was born at Amherst, New Hampshire, February 3, 1811, and died near New York City, November 29, 1872. He was a printer by trade; turning his attention to journalism he founded the New York Tribune in 1841. In 1848 and 1849 he sat in the House of Representatives as a Whig, and in 1872 he was the presidential nominee of the Liberal Republicans. His newspaper became one of the most prominent abolition papers; through it he also advocated a protective tariff and internal improvements. Personally he was very eccentric, one of his peculiarities being his custom of wearing a white high hat both winter and summer, a style that became known as "Greeley" hats.

Greenback-Labor Party.-The demand for agricultural products on the part of the government during the war tended to render farmers prosperous; their prosperity was increased by the payment in greenbacks of debts previously contracted, and these concurrent circumstances have tended to make agricultural sections look on the unlimited issue of paper money as the cure for all economic evils. A convention of Greenbackers was held in 1874, and it was resolved that it was desirable to have all bank currency withdrawn and only national currency issued, and, moreover, to have the principal of that portion of the national debt not in terms made payable in gold, paid in currency. As early as 1868 this plan had been known as the Ohio Idea The Democratic party in 1875 showed some leaning toward these views, but it soon fell off from them. In 1876 the Greenbackers held a national convention, and adopt