credit than otherwise, and log cabins were used in the parades of his adherents. "Hard cider," as well as "log cabin," became party cries. In fact, the whole campaign was based on Harrison's sturdy qualities and his military reputation. One of his best known victories was at Tippecanoe against the Shawnee Indians in 1811, while he was Governor of the Territory of Indiana. This, too, was turned to account, and the cry of "Tippecanoe and Tyler, too," figured prominently in the campaign. John Tyler was the nominee for Vice-President.

Hards or Hard Shells. (See Hunkers.)

Harrison, Benjamin, was born in North Bend, Ohio, August 20, 1833. He was graduated at the Miami University, Ohio, and moved to Indiana, where he practiced law. He served on the Union side in the Civil War, and became a brigadier-general. He was several times elected reporter of the State Supreme Court. In 1876 he was defeated for Governor. In 1880 he was elected United States Senator; at the expiration of his term he retired to private life. In 1888 the Republican party named him for President. He is the grandson of William Henry Harrison.

Harrison, William Henry, was born in Charles County, Virginia, February 9, 1773, and died April 4, 1841. He was an officer of the regular army and fought against the Indians under General Wayne. In 1801 he was appointed Governor of Indiana Territory, having previously served as secretary. As Governor he won the famous battle of Tippecanoe against the Indians. After the surrender of Hull during the War of 1812, he was appointed to command the army in that region, with the rank, first of brigadier-general and subsequently of major. general. He served in the House of Representative from 1816 to 1819, and in the Senate from 1825 to 1828, representing the State of Ohio. From 1828 to 1829 he was Minister to Colombia. In 1836 he was defeated for the presidency, but at the next election, 1840, he was successful. He served but one month, dying in office. In politics he was a Whig.

The

Hartford Convention.-The War of 1812 against England had been entered into in the face of the protest of the New England and northern Middle States. These being commercial in their pursuits had everything to lose by war; what they demanded was a strong navy to protect commerce. In politics they were Federalists. When the Democratic majority in Congress had forced the war on the Democratic President, Madison, and hostilities had actually commenced, these States took no active part in the struggle; they opposed the war; finally, in October, 1814, Massachusetts passed a resolution inviting the other New England States to a convention having in view an ultimate convention of all the States for the purpose of a revision of the Constitution. Connecticut and Rhode Island and some counties of New Hampshire and Vermont signified their approval of this course, but these resolutions explicitly declared that the proposed action was to be within the limits of the Constitution. reverses of the war had put the Democratic party into no humor for these proceedings; they were denounced; it was charged that there was a conspiracy to establish a grand duchy under an English prince; government agents were sent all over New England to find proofs of these facts. As a matter of fact the convention of twenty-six representatives from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Vermont met at Hartford, Connecticut, December 15, 1814; this convention disclaimed any intention to dissolve the Union at that time; such dissolution, it declared, must "be the work of peaceable times and deliberate consent." Among the grievances it recited were the " easy admission of naturalized foreigners to places of trust, honor and profit," and the easy formation of new Western States; it desired the defense of every State to be entrusted to the State itself, and declared it to be "as much the duty of the State authorities to watch over the rights reserved, as of the United States to exercise the powers which are delegated." It desired changes in the Constitution as follows: Abrogation of the right of Southern States to

representation for three-fifths of their slaves; requirement of a two-thirds vote of both Houses for the admission of new States or the prohibition of commercial intercourse or to declare war or to authorize hostilities except in cases of invasion; embargoes to be limited to sixty days; foreigners to be disqualified from all civil offices under the United States; Presidents to be ineligible for a second term, and no two successive Presidents to be from the same State. Massachusetts and Connecticut sent commissioners to Washington to attempt to carry out the suggestions of the report, but the war had in the meantime ended and the commissioners were ignored. The convention did not meet again; but the odium attaching to it was so great that its president placed a copy of the proceedings in the hands of the Massachusetts Secretary of State in order thus to disprove charges of treason.

Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, was born at Delaware, Ohio, October 4, 1822. He was graduated at Kenyon College; by profession he was a lawyer. He was at one time city solicitor of Cincinnati. He served in the Civil War, rising to the grade of brevet major-general. In 1864 he was elected to Congress. In 1867 he became Governor of Ohio, a post to which he was again elected in 1875. In the next year he was nominated for President by the Republicans, and after a sharp contest elected. (See Disputed Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections; Electoral Commission.) The refunding of the National debt and the resumption of specie payments were the most important events of his administration. Hayes has not held office since his retirement.

Hayne, Robert Young, was born in St. Paul's Parish, South Carolina, 1791. He was admitted to the bar before he was twenty-one years of age. He served in the war of 1812, held various offices in his native State, and in 1823 was elected to the United States Senate; he is principally known for his debate in that body with Webster on Foot's Resolution. The scope of the debate on this resolution concerning Western public land, took in the topic of "State rights," which was thoroughly dis

cussed, and the speeches on both sides are spendid oratorical efforts.

Headquarters, The, of the Army of the Potomac will be in the Saddle.-This rather boastful order is said to have been issued by General Pope on assuming command of that army during the Civil War, though he has always denied it.

He Could Not be Kicked Into a War.-President Madison's extreme reluctance to enter into war with Great Britain in 1812 led to the above remark in Congress.

Helderberg War. (See Anti-Renters.)

Hendricks, Thomas Anderson, was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, September 17, 1819, and died at Indianapolis, November 24, 1885. In his childhood his family moved to Indiana. He was graduated at Hanover College and admitted to the bar. He served in the State House of Representatives and Senate, and in 1851 was elected to Congress, in which he served one year. From 1855 to 1859 he was Commissioner of the Land Office, and from 1863 to 1869 United States Senator. After being twice defeated he was in 1872 elected Governor of Indiana. In 1876 he ran for VicePresident and was defeated. In 1884 he was again nominated and this time elected. He was a Democrat. Henry Affair. (See Henry Documents.)

Henry Documents.-Sir James H. Craig, the Governor of British North America, in January, 1809, sent an adventurer, John Henry by name, into the New England States to report the feeling of that section of the country on the question of secession from the Union, and possibly to increase the discontent already caused among these people of commercial interests by the Embargo Act and the Non-Intercourse system of the government. Failing of the reward he sought from the British ministry, Henry sold to President Madison for $50,000 his correspondence with the English officials, and these papers became known as the Henry documents. Madison submitted the letters to Congress and claimed that they proved a design on the part of Eng

land to annex the New England States. They do not make certain, however, that the Eastern States entertained seriously the idea of secession. This whole episode is often referred to as the Henry affair.

Hermitage. By this name was known Andrew Jackson's home, about twelve miles from Nashville, Tenn.

Hero of Appomattox is the name applied to General Ulysses S. Grant. It was at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, April 9. 1865, that General Lee's forces surrendered to Grant.

Hero of New Orleans.—General Andrew Jackson was so called in allusion to his victory over the British troops at New Orleans on January 8, 1815.

He Smote the Rock of the National Resources and Abundant Streams of Revenue Gushed Forth.-Said of Alexander Hamilton by Daniel Web

ster.

He Touched the Dead Corpse of Public Credit and it Sprung Upon its Feet. This was said by Daniel Webster of Alexander Hamilton.

Higher Law.-William H. Seward, in a speech delivered March 11, 1850, declared, "There is a higher law than the Constitution," referring to the moral law.

High-flying Federalists.-A nickname applied in the first years of the government to that portion of the Federalists that were attached to official pomp and splendor.

High License. This term, as used generally at present, means the enforcement of a high tax on the retail sellers of intoxicating liquors so as to raise the price of liquor and prevent its consumption to some extent, and especially so as to drive out of the business the low groggeries, which are the birthplaces of most of the distress and crime that result from drunkenness. The evils resulting from intemperance are universally admitted, but how to prevent or decrease intemperance is a disputed question. Prohibitionists as a rule do not favor high license. They do not accept it even as a half-way measure. They contend that prohibition is