The pay is graded, acccording to years of active service, being increased at the rate of ten per cent. for every five years of service until after twenty years' service the maximum is reached; in the case of colonels and lieutenantcolonels the maximum is fixed somewhat lower. Officers are allowed mileage at the rate of eight cents a mile for every mile traveled under orders. The pay of the men is graded from $13 a month and rations, for the first two years, to $21 a month and rations after twenty years' service. The retired list of the army is limited to 400 officers. Any commissioned officer that has served thirty years may be retired on his own request at the discretion of the President, or having served forty years on his own request absolutely; or having served forty-five years, or having attained the age of sixty-two years, at the discretion of the President, without any act of his own. The pay is seventy-five per cent. of the pay allotted to officers of his rank in active service at the time of retirement. There are at present thirty-one general officers on the list, being one general, four major-generals and twenty-six brigader-generals. The general officers of the army are at present (1892) as follows:

The commanders of the army have been as follows:

Major-General George Washington, June 15, 1775, to December 23, 1783. Major-General Henry Knox, December 23, 1783, to June 20, 1784. Lieutenant-Colonel Josiah Harmar, General-in-Chief by brevet, September, 1788, to March, 1791.

Major-General Arthur St. Clair, March 4, 1791, to March, 1792.

Major-General Anthony Wayne, April 11, 1792, to December 15, 1796. Major-General James Wilkinson, December 15, 1796, to July, 1798.

Lieutenant-General George Washington, July 3, 1798, to his death,
December 14, 1799.

Major-General James Wilkinson, June, 1800, to January, 1812.
Major-General Henry Dearborn, January 27, 1812, to June, 1815.
Major-General Jacob Brown, June, 1815, to February 21, 1828.

Major-General Alexander Macomb, May 24, 1828, to June, 1841. Major-General Winfield Scott (brevet Lieutenant-General), June, 1841, to November 1, 1861.

Major-General George B. McClellan, November 1, 1861, to March 11, 1862. Major-General H. W. Halleck, July 11, 1862, to March 12, 1864.

Lieutenant-General U. S. Grant, March 12, 1864, to July 25, 1866, and as General to March 4, 1869.

General W. T. Sherman, March 4, 1869, to November 1, 1883.

Lieutenant-General P. H. Sheridan, November 1, 1883, to August 5, 1888. Major-General J. M. Schofield, August 5, 1888, to

The maximum strength of the army, including officers and men, as authorized by Congress at various times, was as follows:

.1 regiment of Infantry, 1 battery of Artillery..
.Indian War....

1789

1792

.Peace organization.

1810

1812

1815

1817-21.

840

5,120

3,629

5,144

3,278

7,154

.11,831

9,413

9,980

6,184

7,198

12,539

1843-46. ..Peace organization..

8,613

.17,812

The President of the United States is commander-inchief of the army (Constitution, Article 2, section 2), and under him is the Secretary of War. (See War Department.)

Arm-in-Arm Convention.-A name given to a convention of Republicans that supported President Johnson's policy on reconstruction; it met in Philadelphia in August, 1866. Its name arose from the fact that the members from Massachusetts and from South Carolina entered the convention together at the head of the delegates.

Aroostook Disturbance. (See Northeast Boundary.)

Arthur, Chester A.-Was born at Fairfield, Franklin County, Vermont, October 5, 1830. During his

early youth his father moved to New York. He was a graduate of Union College. He taught school for a time, and from 1860 to 1863 he was engineer-in-chief on Governor Morgan's staff and after 1852 inspector-general as well. From 1871 to 1878 he was Collector of the Port of New York. In 1880 he was elected Vice-President of the United States under Garfield, and on the death of the latter in September, 1881, he became President. He was a Republican. During his administration the famous. Star Route Trials took place. Although mistrusted by a portion of the country on first assuming the office, he disappointed his enemies. by acquitting himself creditably. He was a member of the Stalwart faction of the Republican party before his accession to the Presidency. He died in New York City on November 18, 1886.

Ashburton Treaty, The, was drawn up by Lord Ashburton, Commissioner from Great Britain, and Daniel Webster, Secretary of State under Tyler. It was signed at Washington, August 9, 1842, ratified by the Senate on the 20th of the same month, and proclaimed by the President on the 10th of the following November. Besides settling the northeast boundary (which see), it provided that the United States should make common cause with Great Britain in suppressing the slave trade, and also provided for the extradition of persons charged with certain crimes.

Ask Nothing but What is Right, Submit to Nothing Wrong.-This was Andrew Jackson's conception of what our foreign policy should be, as embodied in instructions to our ministers abroad.

Assay Offices are establishments maintained by the Government in which gold and silver bullion may be deposited by citizens, they receiving its value, less charges in return. There are five, namely: at New York City, Boisé City, Idaho; Helena, Montana; Charlotte, North Carolina; St. Louis, Missouri. The total of their operations for the year ending July 1, 1887, was 4,483,651,897 standard ounces of gold, and 45,921,882,657 standard ounces of silver.

Assembly. (See Legislature.)

Assembly, Right of. The right of the people peaceably to assemble for discussion and mutual support in lawful actions is implied in the republican form of Government. The first amendment to the Constitution protects the right of assembly and petition for a redress of grievances, so far as the National Government is concerned. The State constitutions generally, if not always, protect the right, so far as it comes within their scope. But the right of the people to assemble to discuss matters of a public or private nature is to be distinguished from the assembly with intent to commit violence on persons or property, to resist the execution of the laws, to disturb the public order or for the perpetration of acts creating public terror or alarm. Such unlawful assemblies are not protected by State or National Constitutions.

Assessments, Political. (See Civil Service Reform.) Associated Youth was a name given in 1798 to associations of young Federalists, who drew up addresses in favor of the Federalist party and its principles, and in other ways supported and aided it. They were largely instrumental in spreading the custom of wearing black cockades.

Asylum of the Oppressed of Every Nation.— This phrase is used in the Democratic National Platform of 1856, referring to the United States.

Athens of America, or Modern Athens.—A name by which Boston, Massachusetts, is sometimes known in recognition of its intellectual character.

Atherton Gag Laws. (See Gag Laws.)

Atherton Resolutions. (See Gag Laws.)

Attainder is the extinction of civil rights and privileges in an individual, and the forfeiture of his property to the government. In England, under the common law, it followed as a matter of course on a conviction and sentence to death for treason, and to some extent on sentence for other crimes. A Bill of Attainder is a legislative conviction of crime, with a sentence of death. The accused may or may not be given a trial. Foreign governments have employed this method of disposing of

political offenders without giving them the opportunity of a regular judicial trial. The crime against which Bills of Attainder are usually directed is treason. Attainder following on sentence of death for treason formerly worked forfeiture of the condemned person's estate to the government, and by corruption of blood, as it is called, prevented his heirs from inheriting. Legislative convictions which impose punishments less than death are called Bills of Pains and Penalties; they are included in the meaning of the words, "Bill of Attainder," used in the Constitution of the United States. That document prohibits the passage of Bills of. Attainder by Congress or any State (Article 1, section 9, clause 3), and further provides, concerning judicial convictions of treason (Article 3, section 3, clause 2), that "no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted." The Supreme Court has decided unconstitutional, as coming within the prohibitions of the Constitution, an act of Congress aimed at those who had engaged on the Confederate side in the Civil War, requiring all persons to take an oath negativing any such disloyal action before they should be allowed to practice in the United States Courts. (See Treason.) Attorney General of the United States. (See Justice, Department of.)

Bachelor President.-James Buchanan was the only unmarried President of the United States, and was consequently called as above. President Cleveland was at the time of his inauguration unmarried, but he married. during his term of office, June 2, 1886.

Balance of Trade of a country is the difference in value between its exports and its imports. The notion long prevailed that an excess of exports over imports was desirable, and this led to such a balance being termed a balance in favor of the country, while a balance of imports over exports was considered unfavorable or against it. This notion was based on the mistaken idea that the balance of trade must be settled by imports or exports of specie, the importation of which was regarded. as desirable. This view has, however, been entirely dis