Senator TYDINGS. What do you mean, "low sulfur type coal"? Mr. STANLEY. The coals with the lowest sulfur. Senator TYDINGS. Hard coals? Anthracites? Mr. STANLEY. It could be a soft coal with a low sulfur content. Senator TYDINGS. How do you get a soft coal with low sulfur content? Do you mine it? Mr. STANLEY. Mine it-it is mined that way. Senator TYDINGS. It is not treated? Mr. STANLEY. It is a natural coal with relatively low sulfur content. Senator TYDINGS. Let me put this report on the Commonwealth Edison Company's Air Pollution Control Program to the City of Chicago's Department of Air Pollution Control in the record. (The report referred to follows:) A REPORT ON COMMONWEALTH EDISON Co.'s AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM TO THE CITY OF CHICAGO'S Department of AIR POLLUTION CONTROL THE PROBLEM Chicago is one of the nation's principal urban centers. It has a strong and diverse industrial base, is the commercial center of the Midwest, and serves as a major hub of transportation. Yet the very factors that have led to Chicago's economic leadership have resulted in air pollution problems. Long before the problem was a matter of general public concern, Commonwealth Edison took significant steps to limit air pollution. Edison has spent $48 million on anti-pollution facilities. Its primary expenditures have been for precipitators which almost completely eliminate emission of particulate matter, and for high stacks which disperse and dilute combustion gases to lessen their ground-level effect. Edison's pollution control program will also bring sharp future reductions in the amount of coal burned at its six generating stations located in and adjacent to the city. The reduced coal burn at these urban stations will provide proportionate reductions in pollutants. Edison believes that its position in Chicago's air pollution problem has been overstated. The situation is somewhat paradoxical. Edison is not a major contributor to air pollution. Yet because Edison's reports to the City's Department of Air Pollution Control are entirely accurate, while numerous other sources of pollutants are not reported, Edison appears to be one of the major offenders. This is not the case. By far the largest single source of air pollution is the motor vehicle. Other sources also influence the purity of our air. Some of these are industrial processes (including petroleum refining and steel production), materials handling, commercial and residential heating, electric power generation, and the incineration and open burning of wastes. While Chicago's comprehensive attack upon air pollution in and around the city deals with all of these sources, each source should receive attention equal to its contribution to the problem. In meeting the electrical needs of Chicagoland, Edison emits pollutants to the atmosphere and does not wish to minimize its role. Edison does, however, seek to have its share of the total problem considered in proper perspective. The most complete available report of pollution in metropolitan Chicago is the 1957-1959 study made by the Illinois State Department of Public Health and the Indiana State Board of Health. Adjusted to include carbon monoxide emissions, the data in the study show that electric generation is responsible for only about 11% of our area's air pollution. As shown in Figure 1, transportation, the major polluter, contributes about 36%, commercial and industrial activities 20%, residential heating 16%, and miscellaneous sources 17%. Moreover, these figures represent gross emissions at the source and do not relate directly to groundlevel concentrations. They do not reflect the dispersion and dilution Edison achieves with high stacks. COMMONWEALTH EDISON'S PERFORMANCE Commonwealth Edison has been a pioneer in controlling air pollution in Chicago. The company has every intention of continuing its leadership in the future. Edison supplies electric power to Chicago and northern Illinois through 14 generating stations. Four stations are located within Chicago. These are Crawford, Fisk, Calumet, and Northwest. Two stations-Ridgeland in Stickney, and State Line in Hammond, Indiana-are located outside the city, but near its boundaries. The other eight stations are located from 15 to more than 100 miles from the city limits. Edison has already taken the following steps: (1) Spent $48 million on air pollution control facilities. These have included precipitators to remove particulate matter from stack effluents, and high stacks to disperse emissions and minimize ground-level concentrations. (2) Decided against installing additional coal-burning generating units in or near the city. The last such unit was ordered in 1959 and went on line in 1962. Since 1962 over 2 million kilowatts of capacity have been located at sites remote from Chicago. (3) Retired 14 coal-fired generating units in the Chicago area since 1956. (4) Pioneered nuclear powered generation, which entirely eliminates discharges of particulate matter and nitrogen and sulphur oxides. (5) Burned substantial quantities of natural gas. (6) Promoted electric heat and other uses for electricity which replace energy from combustion of fossil fuels. (7) Conducted and participated in air pollution research and development programs. Edison's own engineers developed high-powered electrostatic precipitators. These have efficiencies as high as 99% and virtually eliminate particulate discharge from new generating units. Edison has installed electrostatic precipitators on all of its major generating units. Today, these precipitators trap about 700,000 tons of particulate matter annually. The search for techniques to remove sulphur and nitrogen oxide gases has so far been unsuccessful. Neither the utilities nor other industries have yet found a feasible way to remove these pollutants from stack emissions. Federal agencies, fuel companies, chemical interests, equipment manufacturers, and the electric power industry are all searching for methods to control the release of sulphur dioxide and trioxide gases. For example, a process using dolomite to remove sulphur dioxide is being tested in Detroit. We are watching and evaluating the results of this test. Edison itself has spent over $200,000 on sulphur control research and is participating through the Edison Electric Institute and the National Coal Association in a program that will cost more than $4,000,000 in the next few years. Edison seeks out and considers all new developments to reduce air pollution for application at its generating stations. COMMONWEALTH EDISON'S PROGRAM Edison's program for the future concentrates on reducing the coal burned at its six urban generating stations. (See Figure 2.) This reduction will be accomplished through equipment retirements, greater use of natural gas, and increased production at nuclear stations, as well as at coal-burning plants distant from the city. Using 1965 as the base year, we will make the following reductions in coal burned: Corresponding decreases in the discharge of sulphur dioxide will be achieved: These tables show that by 1980 coal burned and sulphur dioxide discharged in and near the city will be cut by more than two-thirds. In the same period, the use of electricity in the City of Chicago is expected to double. (See Figures 2 and 3.) Specifically, we will meet our customers' growing electrical needs while cutting back production at our stations in and near Chicago as follows: (1) Edison will generate an increasing share of its output at nuclear stations. Nuclear generation is the cleanest method of power production. It eliminates entirely the waste products associated with fossil-fuel combustion. Edison has the largest commitment to nuclear power of any electric company in the nation. We will add four 800,000 kilowatt units by 1971, two at Dresden Nuclear Power Station and two, in participation with the IowaIllinois Gas & Electric Co., at the new Quad-Cities Station on the Mississippi River. When these units are operating, nuclear power will account for approximately one-third of Edison's output. And by 1975, 60% of all the kilowatt hours Edison produces will come from nuclear sources. (2) Edison will begin generating power from its new Kincaid mine-mouth station in Central Illinois this year. The first 600,000 kilowatt unit at Kincaid will go into operation this spring and will be followed by a second unit of the same size in 1968. Kincaid is located in a sparsely populated area near Taylorville, Illinois. Nevertheless, the station will be equipped with high-powered electrostatic precipitators and stacks 500 feet high. (3) Edison will install 664,000 kilowatts of turbine peaking capacity for operation in 1968. The peaking units will be fueled principally with natural gas and will cost approximately $58 million. They will allow an earlier retirement of older Chicago generating units than had been previously scheduled. (4) Edison expects to retire 11 older coal-burning generating units in Chicago at its Northwest and Calumet Stations between 1967 and 1969. (5) In order to equip all of its Crawford Station boilers to burn natural gas when it is available, Edison is spending $2,785,000. (6) Edison plans to burn increased amounts of natural gas at Ridgeland Station in Stickney. Ridgeland is unusual because its stack heights are limited by its proximity to Midway Airport. In the past, Edison has burned large quantities of interruptible gas at this station. Edison has asked Northern Illinois Gas Company to transfer its Ridgeland Station supply from interruptible to firm gas service during the off-peak period from April 15 to October 31. Under such an arrangement Edison would receive firm gas during this off-peak period at an additional cost of between $450,000 and $600,000 a year. (7) Edison will shift as much as possible of its production away from urban generating stations during the three or four times a year that periods of serious stagnation or inversion affect Chicago. In addition, Edison is actively exploring with the three area gas distributors the possibility of obtaining additional quantities of natural gas for its major generating stations in or near Chicago during such periods. The distributors' capacity to deliver natural gas is heavily influenced by the requirements they must meet during the heating season. Therefore, it is unlikely that gas will be available during the heating season, should a serious stagnation occur in the next several years. In the past five years, Edison has cut its electric rates by $32 million, which has stimulated a greater demand for electric energy. There are today over 25,000 electrically-heated homes and apartments completed or under construction in the Chicago area. Also, developers of more than 100 commercial buildings have specified the all-electric "heat-with-light" system pioneered by Edison. If the unit cost of electric energy continues downward, as it has in the past, demand for electricity for space heating and other uses will expand. The City of Chicago states in its comprehensive plan that electric heat is the cleanest form of heat. It replaces heat produced by burning coal and other fossil fuels. The electric energy required to supply this expanding use of electricity will be provided from pollution-free nuclear stations and modern coal-fired plants remote from the metropolitan area (see Figure 4). Consequently, Edison believes that pollution abatement will be served best by keeping the price of electricity low, thus enabling Edison to promote the sale of electric energy with strong and imaginative marketing. SUMMARY (1) Edison has spent $48 million to equip its principal generating units with precipitators which restrict emission of particulate matter and for high stacks which disperse and dilute combustion gas to limit their ground-level effect. (2) Edison has retired 14 older generating units at its stations in Chicago since 1956 and plans to retire 11 others within the next 3 years. (3) In or near the city, Edison has not built a coal-fired generating unit within 5 years and has no plans to build more. (4) With the largest nuclear commitment of any United States utility, onethird of Edison's electric output will be generated with nuclear capacity by 1971 and over 60 per cent by 1975. (5) It will spend $58 million to install 664,000 kilowatts of gas turbine-driven generating capacity at metropolitan sites in order to permit the earlier retirement of its older generating units in Chicago. (6) Edison will spend nearly $3.0 million to equip the boilers at its Crawford Station to burn natural gas. (7) Edison has asked Northern Illinois Gas Company to provide firm gas service to its Ridgeland Station during the off-peak period from April 15 to October 31. (8) Edison will shift as much of its production as possible away from city generating stations during the 3 to 4 annual occurrences of serious air stagnation. Edison is actively exploring with gas distributors the possibility of obtaining additional quantities of natural gas for its city stations during such periods. (9) By 1970, the tonnage of coal burned in its city generating stations will be reduced by 40%. Stack emissions will decline by a like amount. (10) Edison will continue to keep abreast of technical developments in sulphur removing techniques as a participant in over $4.0 million of research and development. (11) It will continue vigorously to promote electric heat and other uses for electricity which otherwise would be supplied by fossil fuels. Edison is glad to do its fair share-and then some-in the fight for clean air. And we are willing and anxious to cooperate in any practical way with the city in solving this problem while, at the same time, supplying the electricity needs of the Chicago area. Mr. STANLEY. As far as the particulate is concerned, you will notice here in our other graph, the particulate was another problem. So what we did was set up a program. A major source of the particulate. the intermediate size, was the steel industry. We set up a program with the steel industry whereby over a 6-year period they quantitatively would reduce the amount of emissions from the steel-producing facilities. Senator TYDINGS. This is the same sort of program you worked out with the steel industry-the program you would work out with the power industry? Mr. STANLEY. That is true. Senator TYDINGS. This was voluntarily worked out with them? 1. Principal source of data was the 1957-1959 Bi-State Study 2. No correction has been made for dispersal means, such |