Grece. Mem. de l'Institut, classe de Lit. et Beaux Arts. vol. 1. p. 305. — F. A. Schneither, De Euripide philosopho. Gron. 1828. 8.—Eurípides is defended from the common charge of misogyny in the work styled Hinterlassene Papiere eines philos. Landpredigers, herausgegeben von K. H. Heydenreich. Lips. 1798. 8.

5. Editions. - B.-Variorum, Gr. & Lat. (publisher, Priestley.) Glasg. 1821. 9 vols. 8. very highly commended by Dibdin; the text of each play drawn from the most eminent editor of that play. Beck, Gr. & Lat. Lips. 1778-88. 3 vols. 4. — ↑ Matthie, Gr. & Lat. Lips. 1813-29. 9 vols. 8. vol. 1-in. Text. iv-v. Scholia. VI-VIII. Notes. IX. Fragments.-F.-Princeps, by Aldus. Ven. 1503. 2 vols. 8. (or 12. Dibdin.) -There was an edition of four plays, perhaps earlier, but without date, printed at Florence. - Hervagius. Basil, 1537, 44, 51. (three editions) 2 vols. 8. Oporinus, Gr. & Lat. Basil, 1562. fol. — Canterus. Antw. 1571. 12. — Commelin, Gr. & Lat. Heidelb. 1597. 2 vols. 8. P. Stephanus, Gr. & Lat. Genev. 1602. 4. — ↑ Barnes, Gr. & Lat. Oxon. 4 vols. 4. differently estimated by critics.— Foulis, Gr. & Lat. Glasg. 1797. 10 vols. 12. R.-E. Zimmermann, Gr. & Lat. Francof. ad M. (Francfort) 1808-15. 4 vols. 8. - F. H. Bothe. Lips. 1825. 2 vols. 8. - R. Person. (Hecuba, Orestes, Phoenissæ, & Medea) Lond. 1822.8.- Same, with notes by Hermann. Lips. 1824. 8.-A. J. E. Pflugk, in Rost's Bibliotheca. To detail editions of single plays would take too much space. Among the most celebrated editors are, G. Hermann, Bacchæ. Lpz. 1823. Alcestis. Lpz. 1824. Hecuba. Lips. 1831. &c. P. Elmsley, Bacche. Lips. 1822. Medea. Oxf. 1818. L. C. Valckenar, Phonisse. (rec. ed.) Lips. 1824. J. H. Monk, Hippolytus. Camb.1829. (cf. Lond. Quart. Rev. vol. xv.) Alcestis. Camb.1818. -The following should be noticed: J. R. Major. (Hecuba, Orestes, Phænissæ, & Medea.) Lond. 1833. 8. with Engl. notes. —— ST. D. Woolsey, Alcestis (with the Prometheus of Eschylus, and the Antigone & Electra of Sophocles), in his Selection of Greek Tragedies. Bost. 1837. 2 vols. 12. designed for Schools and Colleges. The Cyclops separately; Höpfner. Lips.1798. 8.-Cum notis variorum. Glasg. 1819. 8. Gr. & Lat. 6. Translations. - German.-F. H. Bothe. (met.) Berl. 1800. 5 vols. 8. (new edit. 1837.) French.-P. Prevost. Par. 1783. 3 vols. 8. and in Brumoy's Theatre des Grecs. —— English.R. Potter. Lond. 1783. 2 vols. 4. and later. M. Woodhull. Lond. 1782. 4 vols. 8. 1802. 3 vols. 8. -T. W. C. Edwards, Gr. & Eng. prose. (Medea, Hecuba, Phænissæ, Alcestis.) Lond. 1821-24. 8. By a member of the University. (prose.) Oxf. 1820-22. 2 vols. 8. including Hecuba, Orestes, Phoenisse, Medea, Hippolytus, & Alcestis.

7. Illustrative. — C. Fr. Ammon, Diss. de Eurip. Hecuba. Erl. 1788. 4.-Fr. N. Morus, Prog. de Phonissis Eur. Lips. 1771. 4. — H. Blumner, Ueber die Medea von Euripides. Lpz. 1790. 8. Bouterwek, de philosophia Euripidea, &c. in the Commentt. class. hist. et philos. Soc. Reg. Scientiar. tom. iv. and in Miscell. Græc. Dram. Cambridge. - C. A. Böttiger's prolusi

ones ii. de Medea Euríp. cum priscæ artis operibus comparata. Weim. 1802. 4.A. W. Schlo gel, Compar. entre la Phedre de Racine et celle d'Euripide. Par. 1807. 8. - L. Racine & Batteaux, in Mem. de l'Acad. des Inser. &c. tom. vII. X. XLII. — Henr. Aug. Zeibisch, Disp. qua mos Græcorum infantes exponendi ex variis scriptor. antiq. maxime Euripidis Ione illustratur. Wittenb.1753. 4.—R. P. Joddrell, Illustrations on the Alcestis, Ion, and Bacchæ. Lond. 1789, 90, 3 vols. 8.

$64. Empedocles, of Agrigentum in Sicily, who flourished about B. C. 440, may be mentioned here as a didactic poet. He was one of the most eminent men in his native land, and distinguished as a philosopher and naturalist. That from ostentatious pride he threw himself into the crater of Ætna, is a fable; he probably died while journeying in Peloponnesus.

lu. A poem in three books, on the nature of things (Пrqi qúorws Tör Örtwr) is ascribed to him by ancient authors. It was imitated by Lucretius, and a fragment of it still remains. Another poem, called the Sphere (Squiga,) was ascribed to him, but it is undoubtedly from some later author.

2. Other productions were ascribed to him, particularly a number of verses under the name of Kataquoi, and a poem called 'Turqizos hoyos. Some have considered him as the author of the so called golden verses of Pythagoras. In philosophy he was a disciple of the Italic or Pythagorean school. His Life is given by Diogenes Laertius.

For his philosophical views, see Enfield's Hist. Phil. bk. 11. ch. xii. § 2. (vol. 1. p. 430. Dublin, 1792.) — H. Ritter, in Wolf's Analekten, vol. 11. p. 411. Cousin's French Trans, of Tennemann's Hist. Phil. vol. 1. § 108. — B. H. C. Lommatisch, Die Weisheit des Empedocles, &c.

Berl. 1830. 8.

2. Editions.-B.-Fr. W. Sturz, Empedocles Agrigentinus, &c. Lips. 1805. 2 vols. 8. Containing his poetical fragments, and also a view of his life, character, writings, &c.-A. Peyron, Empedoclis et Parmenidis Fragmenta. Lips. 1810. 8.-The poem of the Sphere was published by F. Morel (Par. 1584. 4), as the work of Dem. Triclinius, probably author of the copy that fell into the hands of Morel. Shortly after (1587. 4) a Latin translation by Q. Sept. Florent. Christianus.-The original and the translation by B. Hederich. Dresd. 1711. 4.-Both found also in Fabricius, (Harles ed.) vol. 1. p. 816.

$65. Aristophanes lived at Athens about B. C. 430. His native place is not certainly known. He is the only comic poet of the Greeks, from whom any complete plays now remain. Aristophanes

possessed a very fertile genius, a lively wit, true comic power, and Attic elegance. We are obliged, however, to charge him with bitter personal satire, and ridicule of worthy men, especially of Socrates and Euripides. This, it is true, was in accordance with the character of Grecian comedy at that time, as was also his abundant contempt for the common religious belief. His plays furnish a valuable means of learning the state of manners and morals among the Greeks in his age.

1. He was probably a native of Ægina. He is supposed to have died about 380 B. C., at the age of 80.-Nich. Frischlin, Life of Aristoph. prefixed to Kuster's edition (cited below).-Fuhrmann's Klein. Handbuch. p. 163.

2u. Of more than fifty comedies written by him, only eleven are extant. They are styled 'Ayuovis, the Acharnians; Innis, Knights; Neqia, Clouds; qizes, Wasps; Eigiry, Peace; "Ogrides, Birds; Avoorqúry, LysisΙταία; Θεσμοφοριάζουσαι, Females keeping the festival Θεσμοφόρια (in honor of Ceres); Buroayot, Frogs; 'Ezzorúžovou, Females in Assembly; I1200Toc, Plutus, god of riches."

3. In the Ayagrais, the author attacks Euripides, and in the OronoqoquúCovoar and Burgazo also brings him particularly into view. It is in the Negla that Socrates is ridiculed; many have supposed that the poet merely intended to ridicule, under the name of Socrates, the sophists in general, and that this play had little or no influence in reference to the trial and condemnation of that philosopher.

Schlegel's Dram. Lit. lect. vi. vol. 1. p. 203.-Schöll, Hist. Lit. Gr. vol. n. p. 95.-Mitchell's Translation, Introduction. (Cf. Edinb. Rev. vol. XXXIV. North Amer. Rev. vol. XIV. London Quarterly, vol. xx111.)-Harles, de Consilio Aristoph. in scribend. comad. Nubes inscripta. Erlang. 1767.-Remarks on Aristophanes, and that part of his life which relates to Socrates. Lond. 1786. 8.-For a view of the character of Aristophanes and his writings, we add Charakt. vornehmst. Dicht. (cited §61. 2.) vol. v11. p. 113.-Lond. Quart. Rev. vol. 1x. p. 141.-Boivin, in the Mem. de l'Acad. des Inser. iv. 549.-Lebeau, in the same wk. xxx. 29, and Dutheil, xxxix. 203.-Levesque, in Mem. de l'Institut, Classe de Lit. et Beaux Arts, vol. 1. p. 344.

4. Editions.-B.-* Imm. Bekker, Gr. & Lat. Lond. 1829. 5 vols. 8. With Scholia, various readings, and notes of different critics.- Brunck, Gr.& Lat. Strasb. 1783. 4 vols. 8. Repr. Oxf. 1811. 4 vols. 8. with the Lexicon Aristophaneum of J. Sanzay, as 5th vol.-Inverniz, Beck, & Dindorf. Lips. 1795-1834. 13 vols. 8. Vol. 1. 11. Text; -1x. Notes; x-xII. Scholia; x Latin version, with Mitchell's Proleg.-F.-Princeps, by Aldus, (Marc. Musurus ed.) Ven. 1498. fol. cum Schol. (9 comedies.)-Junta. Flor. 1515. 8; 1525. 4. (ed. Francinus.)—Cratandras (ed. S. Grynaus.) Basil, 1532. 4. (First containing 11 comedies.)-Zannetti. Ven. 1538. 8.-Froben. Basil, 1547. fol.-Nic. Frischlin, Gr. & Lat. Francof. ad M. 1597. 8.-Emil. Portas, Gr. & Lat. Aurel. Allobr. 1607. fol.-Lad. Kuster, Gr. & Lat. Amst. 1710. fol. Very highly esteemed.-Bergler, rather P. Burman (with notes of S. Bergler and C. Duker), Gr. & Lat. Lug. Bat. 1760. 2 vols. 4.-R.-C. G. Schutz. Lpz. 1821. 8. Commenced; never finished.-Schafer. Lpz. 1818. 2 vols. 8.-F. H. Bothe. Lpz. 1830, 31. 4 vols. 8.-T. Mitchell, Acharnenses, Aves, & Vespa, with English notes. Lond. 1835. 8.-Editions of separate plays cannot here be cited. Melancthon, Hemsterhuis, Harles, Kuinöl, Hermann, Hæpiner, and Elmsley, are among the principal names. Beck, Wolf, and Reisig may be added.

5. Translations.- - German.-J. H. Voss, with notes. Braunschw. 1821. 3 vols. 8. Com mended by Fuhrmann. French.-L. Poinsinet de Sivry. Par. 1784. 4 vols. 8.-A. C. Bro tier, in the Theatre des Grecs.Italian.-B. & P. Rositini. Ven. 1544. 8.- English. --Th Mitchell. Camb. 1817. 3 vols. 8. With valuable notes and preliminary dissertations.-Cumberland (and others), Of the Clouds, Plutus, Frogs, and Birds. Lond. 1812.

6. Illustrative.-Reisig, Conjectaneorum in Aristoph. Libb. 11. Lips. 1816. 8.-P. F. Kanngiesser, cited § 41.-J. G. Willamor, de Ethopia comica Aristoph. Berl. 1766. 8.-J. Floder, Diss, explicans Antiquites Aristophaucas. Ups. 17C8. 4.-The fragment of Plutarch containing a comparison of Aristophanes and Menander.-Aug. Seidler, de Aristoph. fragmentis. Halle, Sax. 1818. 4.-Class, Jour. No. xxvII.-C. A. Böttiger, Aristophanes impunitus Deorum irrisor. Lips. 1799. 8.-P. Dobree, Aristophanica Porsoni. Cant. 1820. 8.-C. Passow Apparatus crit. ad Aristoph. Lips. 1828. 12.-J. Caravella, Index Aristophanicus, &c. Oxf 1824. 8.-H. J. Rütscher, Aristophanes und sein Zeitalter. Berl. 1827. 8.

66. Menander, born at Athens about B. C. 342, one of the later comic poets of the Greeks. He wrote numerous comedies (§ 43), of which we possess only slight fragments. The loss of Menander is the more regretted on account of the praise bestowed on him by Quintilian (x. 1). Some idea of his manner may be obtained, however, from the imitations of him in Terence. Philemon is usually named in connection with Menander, as a contemporary and rival.

1. Menander died at the age of about 50; Philemon, a native according to some of Sicily, but according to others of Cilicia, lived to the great age of 97 or 99. The former was rather a voluptuary; the latter was particularly temperate.

De Rochefort, on Menander, Mem. Acad. Inscr. vol. XLVI. p. 183.-Schlegel's Dram. Lit. lect. vii.-Dunlop, as cited P. 1. 6 109. 2.

2. Editions.-B.-A. C. Meinecke. Berl. 1823. 8. Fragments of Menander and Philemon; with Bentley's emendations.-They are found in the collections cited § 43 That of Le Clerc occasioned a bitter literary war. (Schöll, 111. p. 82. Harles, Int. 1. p. 489. Brev. Not. p. 226.)-J. G. Schneider. Vratisl. 1812. 8. With sop's Fables.

$67. Lycophron, a poet and grammarian, born at Chalcis in Euboa, flourished in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, B. C. about 284. His performance styled Ahɛžúrdoo, Alexandra or Cassandra, was improperly ranked in the class of tragedies; it is a monologue or monodrama, in which Cassandra predicts to Priam the fate of Troy. This topic is interwoven with many others, pertaining to the history and mythology of different nations, so as to render the poem obscure and heavy.

1. Lycophron was a writer of tragedies, and was ranked among the Pleiades (§ 40). A work also on the subject of comedy, Пevi zouwdius, was written by him. The loss of the latter is more regretted than the loss of his dramatic pieces. The grammarians of Alexandria collected a mass of materials illustrating his Cassandra, from which John Tzetzes compiled a large commentary. Schöll, iii. p. 96.

(Cf.

2. Editions.-B.-Ch. G. Müller. Lips. 1811. 3 vols. 8. With the Scholia of Tzetzes. Dibdin, 11. p. 211. Schöll, 111. p. 106.)-L. Bachmann. Lpz. 1830. 8.-F.-Princeps, by Aldus. Ven. 1513. 8. With Pindar and Callimachus.-Perarylus or P. Lacisius. Basil, 1546. fol. (Cf. Dibdin, 11. p. 208.)-W. Canter. Basil, 1566. 4. With brief notes and two Latin translations, one in prose by Canter, the other in verse by Jos. Scaliger.-J. Potter, Gr. & Lat. Oxf. 1702. Much celebrated.-† H. G. Reichard, Gr. & Lat. Lips. 1788. 2 vols. 8.-‡ L. Sebastian, Gr. & Lat. Rom. 1803. 4. Commended by Dibdin.

An English version of Lycophron by Royston, Class. Jour. xIII. XIV.

68. Theocritus, a native of Syracuse, flourished in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, and in the reign of the second Hiero, B. C. about 275. We have under his name thirty Idyls, 'Eidéia, some of which are probably not genuine, and also twenty-two smaller pieces, chiefly epigrams. He was the most distinguished of ancient authors in the department of pastoral poetry. Virgil followed him as a master and model, but was his inferior in simplicity and fidelity to

nature.

1. We cannot assert what induced Theocritus to remove from Syracuse to Alexandria, where he certainly spent part of his life. Some have stated that certain satires composed by him against Hiero exposed him to the vengeance of that monarch. Where and when he died is not known, although it has been supposed, that he retured to Sicily and suffered a violent death from the vengeance of Hiero. — Cf. Life of Theocritus in Polwhele cited below.

2. The nature of the Greek Idyl has already been exhibited (§ 30). The Idyls of Theocritus are not confined to pastoral subjects. Of the thirty ascribed to him, only fifteen can properly be considered as bucolic or pastoral; viz. the first 9 and the 11th, considered by all as genuine bucolics, and the 10th, 20th, 21st, 23d, and 27th, which may be put in the same class. Five are mythological, viz. the 13th, 22d, 24th, 25th, and 26th. Three have been termed epistolary, 12th, 28th, and 29th, bearing a slight resemblance to the epistles of Ovid, but having less of the elegiac character. They are called lyric by Schöll. Two may be denominated comic, the 14th and 15th. The latter, Zugazovora, the Syracusan Gossips, has no more of the pastoral in its tone than a scene from Aristophanes. (Cf. § 46.) Two others may be styled panegyrical, the 16th and 17th. And there are two in the collection, 19th and 30th, which may properly enough perhaps be called Anacreontic, being mere imitations of the lighter odes of Anacreon. The remaining one, 18th, is a

The rep

genuine epithalamium, according to its title, Elévys iπiðalauios. utation of Theocritus is built on his Idyls. The epigrams would scarcely have preserved his name from oblivion.. - One piece of a peculiar character remains, termed the Zory, consisting of 21 verses so arranged as to form a resemblance to the pipe of the god Pan. In the Alexandrine age there was a depraved fondness for such odd and fanciful devices, in which the poet's lines presented the form of eggs, axes, wings, or altars.

E. Hepner, De Theoc. Idyll. generibus. Berl. 1836. 4. pp. 19.-E. Reinhold, De genuin. Theo. carminibus. Jen. 1819. 8. For the character of Theocritus, see Elton's Specimens of Classic Poets. Charact. der vorn. Dichter, 1. p. 89.-C. W. Ahliardt, zur Erklärung der Idyll. Theokrits. Rostach. 1792. 8.-Eichstedt, Adumb. quæst. de carm. Theocr. indole ac virtutibus. Lips. 1794. 4.-Hardion, De Theocr. in the Mem. de l'Acad. des Inser, 1v. 520.

3. The epithalamium of Helen has been thought to resemble the Song of Solomon, and some have supposed that Theocritus imitated the latter. Scholl opposes this idea, although there are passages in the Idyls containing imagery which might have been drawn from the Scriptures. The Septuagint version was made in the time of Theocritus.-Comp. Idyl. xxiv. 84, with Isaiah, Ixv. 25 and xi. 6; Id. xviii. 26-28 with Sol. Song, i. 9 and vi. 10; Id. xx. 26 with Sel. Song, iv. 11; Id. xxiii. 23-26 with Sol. Song, viii. 6, 7.-See Schöll, vol. 111. p. 146.-Matter, Essai sur l'Ecole Alexandrie.-Ch. Fr. Staudlin, Theokrits Idyll. und das hohe Lied verglichen, in Paulus, Memorabilien, vol. 11. p. 162.

4. Editions.-B.-Th. Kiessling, Gr. & Lat. Lips. 1819. 8. "Perhaps the very best, up to the time of its publication." Dibdin.-Jacobs. Hala, (commenced) 1824. 8. Promising to be most ample.-E. F. Wustemann. Gothæ, 1830. 8. pp. 435, with notes on each page; prepared with the assistance of Fr. Jacobs, and forming a volume of his Biblioth. cited § 7. 1. "Best for Amer. student.”—J. B. Gail. Par. 1795. 3 vols. 4. With French version, and plates. New ed. 1828. 2 vols. 8. and volume of plates, 4.-Of previous editions, the best are, Th. Warton, Oxf. 1770. 2 vols. 4, and L. C. Valckenaer, Gr. & Lat. Lug. Bat. 1779. 8. repr. (ed. Heindorf,) Berl. 1810. 2 vols. 8.-F.-Princeps, (18 Idyls, with Works and Days of Hesiod.) Milan, 1493. fol. time and place known only by conjecture. Dibdin.-Second, by Aldus, (with Hesiod.) Ven. 1495. fol.-Junta. Flor. 1515, 1540. 8.-Calliergus, cum schol. Rome, 1516. 8. Thought to be the second Greek book printed at Rome.-Morel. Par. 1561. 4.-H. Stephanus. Par. 1566. In Poet. Princ. cited § 47 t. and 1579. 12. Gr. & Lat. With Bion and Moschus.-D. Heinsius, Gr. & Lat. Heid. 1604. 4. Repr. Oxf. 1676. 8. Lond. 1729. 8. 1758. 8. — Martinus, Gr. & Lat. Lond. 1760. 8.-Reiske, Gr. & Lat. Lips. 1765. 2 vols. 4.-F. A. Stroth. Gothæ, 1780. 8. Particularly valued for its illustrations of terms and phrases pertaining to botany and natural history. Dibdin. 4th ed. by Stroth and Jacobs, (for schools.) Gothæ, 1821. 8.-Bodoni (ed. B. Zamagna). Parma, 1791. 2 vols. 8. With Latin version." "Edition du luxe." Schöll. R.-Dahl. Lips. 1804. 8.-G. G. Schafer. Lips. 1810. fol. Splendid; on basis of Valckenär's. -LF. Heindorf. Berl. 1810. 2 vols. 8. Including Bion and Moschus, with notes of Valckenär, Brunck, and Troup.-J. Geel. Amsterd. 1820. 8.—Th. Briggs, Poetæ Bucol. Græci. Cambr. 1821. 2 vols. 8. Theocr. Bion, & Mosch. with Lat. version.

5. Translations.-German.-Finkenstein, Arethusa, oder die bukol. Dichter des Alterthums. Berl. 1806. 8. Containing a Life of Theoc.-J. H. Voss. Tubing. 1808. &-French.-Chabanon. Par. 1777. 8.-Gin. Par. 1788. 2 vols. 8.-Italian.-A. M. Salvini. Ven. 1718. 12. With annot. by Desmarais, Aret. 1754. 8.-English.-E. B. Greene. Lond. 1767. 8.-R. Polwhele, (with Bion and Mochus.) Lond. 1792. 2 vols. 8.

69. Bion of Smyrna, and Moschus of Syracuse, were contemporary with Theocritus, as is generally supposed. The Idyls of Moschus belong rather to descriptive than to pastoral poetry, properly speaking; they have more refinement, with less of natural simplicity, than the pieces of Theocritus. The Seizure of Europa is the most beautiful. The Idyls of Bion contain elegant passages; but they savor too much of art, and are wanting in the freedom and naivete of Theocritus. His principal piece is the funeral song in honor of Adonis.

1. Some have placed the dates of these poets considerably later than the time of Theocritus. Their era is perhaps a matter of real doubt. —- Manso, Abh. von. Bion's Leben, in his ed. cited below, 3.

2. There remain of Moschus four Idyls, and a few smaller pieces; of Bion, besides the piece above named, only some short Idyls, and a fragment of a longer one. These pieces have usually been published in connection with those of Theocritus; and anciently they were in fact confounded with them. Schöll, 111. p. 175.-C. F. Gräfe, Epistolæ crit. in Bucolicos Græcos. Petropoli. 1815. 4. 3. Editions.-B.-Jacobs, Gr. & Lat. Gothæ, 1795. 8.-J. C. F. Manso. Lpz. new ed. 1807. 8. Gr. & Germ. with notes. The 1st ed. 1784. inferior.-With Theocritus. Lond. 1826. 2 vols. 8. Gr. & Lat. with Greek Scholia, and notes from Kiessling, Heindorf, &c.-Valckenar, with Theocritus, cited & 68. 4.-F.-Princeps, in Aldus, with Theocr. Ven. 1495. fol.-The first ed. of B. and M. separate from Theocr. was by Mckerckus. Brug. Fl. 1565, 4.-Vulcanius, Gr. & Lat. with Callimachus. Antw. 1584. 12.-Heskin, Gr. & Lat. Öxf. 1748.-Schier. Lips. 1752. -Wakefield. Lond. 1795. Without accents.

4. Translations.-German.-Manso, as just cited.-French.-J. B. Gail. Par. 1794. 12. -English.-Greene and Polwhele, cited § 68. 5.

$70. Callimachus, of Cyrene in Lybia, flourished B. C. about 260. He was a historian and grammarian, at Alexandria, patronized by Ptolemy Philadelphus, and by him placed in the Museum. (Cf. P. I. § 74.) Of his many writings we have only six hymns, some smaller poems, and a considerable number of fragments. His hymns exhibit more of study and artificial effort, than of true poetical spirit. Quintilian, however, ranks him as the first elegiac poet of the Greeks; and he certainly was imitated by the Roman Propertius.

1. The Hymns of Callimachus are in elegiac verse. Five are in the Ionic, one in the Doric dialect. That addressed to Ceres is judged the best. Besides these, he composed Elegies, which were regarded as the chief ground of his reputation; but of which only fragments remain. Another class of his pieces consisted of Epigrams, of which nearly 80 remain. Strabo refers to his Iambics and Choliambics, and some fragments of these still exist. Among his poetical works are named also three little poems; viz. "Arial, on the causes of fable, custom, &c.; Ezún, on the hospitality shown by an old female to Theseus, on his way against the bull of Marathon; and "Iẞis, a poem directed against one of his pupils charged with ingratitude. Many prose works were written by this grammarian and professed teacher; Yлourata, Memoirs or Commentaries; Κτίσεις νήσων καὶ πόλεων, Settlements of islands and cities; Ouvuota, on the wonders of the world; Movorior, an account of the Museum at Alexandria; Πίναξ παντοδαπῶν συγγραμμάτων, a sort of universal Tableau of Letters, in 120 books, containing an account of authors in every department, methodically arranged, the first example probably of a history of literature. Some of those performances, which were styled Aidaozakiai (§ 47), are also ascribed to him. All these works are lost. - Schöll, 111. p. 109. -Porte Dutheil, in Mem. Acad. Inser. vol. xxxix. 185.

2. Editions.-B.-Ernesti, Gr. & Lat. Lug. Bat. 1761. 2 vols. 8.-C. J. Blomfield, Lond. 1815. 8.-Fr. M. Volger, Lpz. 1817. 8. containing the Hymns and Epigrams; a good school edition. Volger promised a grand edition of all the remains of Callimachus.-C. Gottling, Goth. 1835. 8. in Rost's Bibliotheca.-Valckenar's fragments of the Elegies, by Luzac, Leyd. 1799. 8.F.-Princeps, of J. Lascar, Flor. 1495. 4. in capitals; called by Dibdin, the edition of Alopa, being the 4th of the 5 extremely rare works printed in capitals by L. Fr. de Alopa.-Froben, Basil. 1532. 4. Robortellus, Gr. & Lat. Ven. 1555. 8.-H. Stephanus, Gr. & Lat. Genev. 1577, 4.— Faber (Anne le Fever afterwards Madame Dacier), Lutet. Paris. 1674. 8. Gr. & Lat. Her first effort in editing.- Grævius, Gr. & Lat. Ultraj. (Utrecht) 1697. 2 vols. 8.-T. Bentley, Gr. & Lat. Lond. 1741. 8. Cf. Mus. Crit. ii. p. 150. Class. Jour. ix. p. 35.-Foulis, Glasg. 1755. fol. -Bandini, Gr. Lat. & Ital. Flor. 1763. 8.-Bodoni, Parm. 1792. fol. in capitals, with an Italian version.

3. Translations.-German.-C. Schwenk, Bonn. 1821. 8.—Ahlwardt, (metrical) Berl. 1794. 8. -French.-G. la Porte du Theil, Par. 1775. 8.-P. Rhadel, with Lat. vers. Par. 1808. 8. English.-W. Dodd, Lond. 1755. 4.-H. W. Tytler, Gr. & Eng. Lond. 1793. 4.

4. Illustrative.-C. G. Göttling. Animadv. crit. in Callim. Epigrammata. Jen. 1811. 8.—J. G. Zierlein, Disp. de ingenio Callim. Hall. 1770. 4.-Nachtrage zu Sulzer's Theorie, otherwise styled Charaktere der vornehmsten Dichter (cited § 61. 2.) vol. 11. p. 86.

5. Philetas of Cos, in the time of Alexander the Great, is sometimes mentioned in connection and comparison with Callimachus (§ 29).—The fragments of his Elegies were published separately by C. Ph. Kayser, Gött. 1793. 8.

$71. Aratus of Soli, afterwards called Pompeiolis, in Cilicia, flourished B. C. about 278. At the request of Antigonus, king of Macedon, he wrote an astronomical poem under the title of paruera και Διοσημεῖαι. It was not strictly an original, as the request of the king his patron was, that he should clothe in verse two treatises, the "EvoлTour and the purinera, of Eudoxus. This poem is memorable on account of Cicero's metrical translation of it. Of this translation, however, only slight fragments remain. It was translated into Latin verse also by Cæsar Germanicus, and by Festus Avienus. That of Avienus and a part of the other are still extant.

1. The poem of Aratus was much esteemed by the ancients. Cf. Ov. Amor.