i. 15. v. 16. Quint x. 1. 55. Although he is charged with knowing but little on the subject of astronomy, many of the mathematicians wrote commentaries on his work; four of these are yet in existence. Delambre (Hist. Astr. Anc. i. p. 74.) remarks that Aratus has preserved nearly all that the Greeks knew of the science, at least so far as it could be told in verse. Scholl, iii. 137. 2. There are three anonymous lives of Aratus, besides the notice of Suidas. On the later didactic poets of the Greeks, Aratus, Nicander, and Oppian, we may refer to the Nacht. zu Sulzer (cf. § 70. 5.) vol. vi. p. 350. 3. Editions.-B.-J. G. Buhle, Gr. & Lat. Lpz. 1793-1801. 2 vols. 8. containing the versions of Germanicus and Avienus; also Leontius de Sphæra.-F. Ch. Matthie, Frankf. 1817. 8. with Eratosthenes, Dionysius, and Avienus.-F.-Princeps, by Aldus, in the Astronomi Veteres. Ven. 1499. 2 vols. fol. Cf. Schöll, i. p. 50. Intr.-Micylli, Gr. & Lat. Basil. 1535. fol.-Valderus, Bas. 1536. 4.-Colinæus, Par. 1540. 8.-G. Morell, Par. 1559. 2 vols. 4.-Grotius, Gr. & Lat. Leyd. 1600. 4. among the more prominent of early editions; the editor at the time, but sixteen years of age.-J. Fell, Oxf. 1672. 8. with the KaraorεQiouoi of Eratosthenes. Repr. Oxf. 1801. 8. (Cf. § 215.)-Bandini, Gr & Lat. Flor. 1765. 8. with Ital. metr. vers. by Salvini. Not highly esteemed.R.-Th. Foster, Lond. 1813. 8. value not known.-Abbe Halma, with French trans. Par. 1823. 4. with the version of Germanicus, and Scholia of Theon; also the Catasterisms of Eratosthenes, and the sphere of Leontius.-J. H. Voss, Gr. & Germ. Heidelb. 1824. 8,-Ch. Buttmann, Berl. 1826. 8.-I. Bekker, Berl. 1828. 8. 4. Translations.-French.-Halma, just cited.- -German.-Voss, just cited.-G. S. Falbe, in the Berlin Monatschrift, 1806. Feb. & Aug. 1807. Feb. & March. On a curious Ms, of Cicero's translation, see P. L. § 243. $72. Cleanthes of Assus in Troas, having been for many years a a disciple of Zeno, at length succeeded him as teacher in the Stoic school at Athens, B. C. 264. Of his numerous writings nothing remains but an admirable Hymn to Jupiter. 1. Cleanthes received the name Þoɛúrting from the circumstance that, in order to enable himself, being poor, to attend the schools of philosophy by day, he spent part of the night in drawing water, as a laborer in the gardens of the city. He is said to have died at the age of 80 or 90, by voluntary starvation. The Hymn, which still keeps alive his memory, is in hexameter verse, and contains some exalted views of a Supreme Divinity. Enfield's Hist. Philos. cited ý 64. 2. Vol. i. p. 376.-Schöll, Gr. Litt. iii. 335.-Diog. Lacrt. Lives of Philosophers. 2. Editions. -B.-G. Ch. Monike, Cleanthes der Stoiker. Greifsw, 1814. 8.- H. H. Cludius. Gött. 1786. 8. Gr. & Germ. with notes. — F. W. Sturz. Lips. 1785. 4.- The Hymn was first published by Fulv. Ursinus, Carmina novem illust. feminarum, etc. Antw. 1568. 8.-Again in H. Stephanus, Poesis Philos. cited § 47t. — In R. Cudworth, Intellect. Syst. of the Univ. Lond, 1678. fol. p. 432. with a Latin metrical version by Duport.-In Brunck's Analekta (cf. § 35) and Gnom. Poet. (cf. § 31) and in other collections. An English metrical version is given in West's Pindar, cited § 60.—See J. F. H. Schwabe, Specimen theologiæ comparative, exhibens Kleureous curor is Alu cum disciplina christiana comparatum, etc. Jen. 1819, 4. $73. Apollonius Rhodius, B. C. about 125, was a native of Naucratis, or perhaps of Alexandria, in Egypt. The name Rhodius was occasioned by his residence at Rhodes, where he for a time taught rhetoric. He was a pupil of Callimachus, and became the librarian at Alexandria. 1. A bitter enmity existed between Apollonius and Callimachus until the death of the latter. Apollonius is said to have retired from Alexandria to Rhodes, from mortification at having been hissed by the partisans of Callimachus at the public reading of his Argonautics. It was at a subsequent period that he was appointed keeper of the Alexandrian library, being successor to Eratosthenes. There are four ancient biographies of Apollonius in Greek.-A. Weichert, Ueber das Leben und Gedicht des Apollonius von Rhodus. Meissen. 1821. 8. 2u. His chief work was an epic poem, 'AgyoravTizu, on the Expedition of the Argonauts. He imitated Homer, with talents much inferior. His poem, however, evinces great application, and has some beautiful passages, particularly the episode on the passion of Medea. Yet in poetical genius and style he is rather surpassed by his imitator among the Romans, Valerius Flaccus. 3. The poem of Apollonius consists of four books or cantos. The critics do not agree in their estimate of its worth, nor as to the comparative merits of the Greek original and the Roman imitation by Valerius. Schöll pronounces the latter superior to its model, in agreement with the remark of Eschenburg above. But in the edition of Eschenburg's work published after his death, the opposite is asserted. Schöll, vol. 111. p. 117.-Groddeck, in the Bibliothek der Alten Literatur und Kunst. St. 2. p. 61. - Charaktere vornehmst. Dicht. vol. vi p. 199. O. Th. Bloch, Diss. de carm. epic. Apoll. Rhodii. Havn. 1792. 8.-Quintil. x. 1.54. - D. Balfoordt, De Apollon. Rhodii laude poetica. Traj. 1825. 8.-A. Weichert, Ueber das Leben und Gedicht des Apol. von Rhodus. Lips. 1828. 8. 4. Editions. B. — Wellauer. Lips. 1828. 2 vols. 8. Schäfer. Lips. 1810-13. 2 vols. 8. with Brunck's notes; and scholia. - Beck, Gr. & Lat. Lips. 1797. 2 vols. 8. — Princeps, of Fr. de Alopa (cur. J. Lascaris). Flor. 1496. 4. in capitals.-Aldus. Ven. 1521. 8.-Brubachius. Francof. 1546. 8.-Rotmarus, Gr. & Lat. Bas. 1572. 8.-H. Stephanus. Genev. 1574. 4.-Elzevir (ed. Halzlin), Gr. & Lat. Lug. Bat. 1641. 8.-J. Shaw. Oxf. 1777 2 vols. 4.-Flangini, Gr. & Ital. Rom. 1794. 2 vols. 4. with plates; elegant. Hærstel, school ed. Brunsw. 1806. 8. 5. Translations.German.-J. J. Bodmer, Zürich, 1779. 8. French.-J. J. A. Caussin, Par. 1797. 8. highly praised. - English. --Fr. Fawkes. Lond. 1780. 2 vols. 8. $74. Nicander, born at Colophon in Ionia, lived about B. C. 146. He was a physician, grammarian, and poet. lu. There remain from him two poems in hexameter, termed Ongraxi and Aležipúquaza; the former treating of venomous animals, and remedies for wounds from them; the latter, of antidotes to poisons in general. His Twoyıza, Georgics, and Altwhiza, Things pertaining to Ætolia, are lost. The two former possess no great merit either as poems or as treatises of natural science. (cf. § 32.) The scholia of Eutecnius upon them are ofmuch value, particularly as illustrating the history of medicine. 2. Nicander wrote also, as has been before noticed (§ 32), a work styled metamorphoses, wholly lost.-Schöll, iii. 141.--Charaktere vornehmst. Dicht. vi. p. 373. 3. Editions. B. -- ALEXIPHARMACA. T. G. Schneider, Gr. & Lat. Hal. 1792. 8. with paraphrase of Eutecnius. — THERIACA. J. G. Schneider, Gr. & Lat. Lips. 1816. 8. with paraph. of Eutecnius. F. — Princeps, Aldus. Ven. 1499. fol. with Dioscorides. J. Soter. Cologne, 1530. 4.--Gorraus (Morel print.), Gr. & Lat. Par. 1557, 3 vols. 4. uniting the two poems as edited separately by him in 1549 & 1556.—Bandini, Gr. Lat. & Ital. Flor. 1764. 8. with the scholia or paraphrase of Eutecnius. $75. Oppian, of Corycus in Cilicia, a later Greek poet, lived as is supposed under the emperors Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, in the latter part of the 2d century after Christ. lu. Under his name we have two didactic poems; "Ahievrizu, on fishing, in five books; and Kurnyɛtiza, on hunting, in four books. The former excels the latter both in thought and style. This circumstance has furnished some ground for ascribing them to different authors of the same name. The latter has been ascribed to an Oppian of Apamea in Syria, who lived under Caracalla, in the beginning of the 3d century. 2. The hypothesis of two poets by the name of Oppian, father and son, or uncle and nephew, was advanced by Schneider, in 1776, in his edition of the poems. In 1786 it was attacked by Belin de Ballu, in an edition of the poem on the chase. Schneider, in a new edition, 1813, still maintained his hypothesis. Scholl, iv. p. 70. — Charakt. vorn. Dicht. vi. p. 379. 3. The poem 'Ievtiza, on fowling, generally ascribed to Oppian, is lost; but there is extant a commentary upon it, by Eutecnius. This was published by E. Winding, Gr. & Lat. Copenh. 1702. 8. F.-Princeps, by 4. Editions. B.-J. G. Schneider, Gr. & Lat. Lips. 1813. ed. Schäfer. B. Junta. Flor. 1515. 8. only the Halicutica.-Aldus, Gr. & Lat. Ven. 1517. 8.-Turnebus. Par. 1555. 4. - Rittershus. Lug. Bat. 1597. 8. Gr. & Lat. with a proem on the life and writings of Oppian.-B. de Ballu, Gr. & Lat. Argent. 1786. 8. Cynegetica only. 5. Translations.--(a) Of the Cynegetica. - German.-C. G. Lieberkühn, Lpz. 1755. 8.-French.--Belin de Ballu, Gr. & Lat. Argent. 1787. 8. -Italian.-A. M. Salvini. Flor. 1728. 8. English.-M. Sommerville, Lond.1782. 8. —- (b) Of the Halieutic a.-English.--By Dnapper & Jones. Oxf. 1722. 1751. 8. ———— See Ameilhon, sur le pêche des Anciens, as cited P. IV. § 58. 76. Nonnus, of Panopolis in Egypt, flourished probably in the beginning of the 5th century; originally a pagan, afterwards converted to Christianity. Little or nothing is known of his history. lu. Two works by him are extant; one, the Atorvaiaza, on the deeds of Bacchus, in forty-eight books, of various contents, without much order or connection, in a style not generally easy or natural; the other, a poetical, or as he terms it, epical paraphrase of the Gospel of John, prolix and bombastic. 2. The Dionysiaca of Nonnus has been ranked among epic poems, but perhaps not with strict propriety. (cf. § 20.) It is a store-house of mythological traditions. Some learned men, as Falckenburg and Julius C. Scaliger, have highly praised, while others, as Nicholas Heinsius and Joseph Scaliger, have as strongly condemned it. Schöll, vi. 79.-J. A. Weichert, de Nonno Panopolitano. Viteb. 1810. 4.--Nic. Schow, Comment. de indole carminis Nonni, etc. Havn. 1807.-Ouwaroff, Nonnus der Dichter. Petrop. 1817. 4. 3. Editions. (a) Of the Dionysiaca.-B.--Fr Grafe. Lpz. 1819-26. 2 vols. 8. containing the text. A 3d vol. is expected, with a version, and full commentary. A part of the 15th bk. was published by F. Grafe, with the title of Hymni et Nikeia (Gr. & Germ.) Petropol. 1813. 8. -F.-Princeps, by G. Falckenburg, from a manuscript now at Vienna. Antw. 1569. 4. Repr. by Wechel (with a poor trans. by Lubin). Hanov. 1605. 8.; to this edition was afterwards joined (with a new title-page, 1610) a volume published by Cunaus including a dissertation by D. Heinsius, and conjectures by J. Scaliger.-G. H. Moser published 6 books (8-13) with notes, and arguments of all the books of the poem. Heidelb.1809. 8. cf. Class. Journ. vii. 345.- (b) of the Metaphrasis, or Paraphrase of John.-The first edit. by Aldus. Ven. 1501. 4.-F. Nansius. Leyd. 1589, 1599. 8. — F. Sylburg. Heidelb. 1596. S.-D. Heinsius, in his Aristarchus Sacer, sive ad Nonni etc. Lug. Bat. 1627. 8. $77. Coluthus, of Lycopolis in Egypt, was a poet of a later period, probably about the beginning of the 6th century. His poem, called *Elivng ugnay), or Rape of Helen, has many defects, and but little real poetry. The whole is without plan, dignity, or taste, with many traces of too close imitation. 1. He is said to have lived in the reign of the emperor Anastasius, who abdicated A. D. 518. He wrote a poem in six cantos, entitled Caledoniacs; this, with other pieces by him, is lost. The Rape of Helen consists of 385 verses, in imitation of Homer. This poem was found by cardinal Bessarion, along with that of Quintus (cf. § 78); and Schöll remarks that it is ascribed to Coluthus without certain evidence. "The word rape (in the title) must not be taken in the common acceptation; for Paris was more courtly than to offer, and Helen more kind-hearted than to suffer, such a violence. It must be taken rather for a transporting of her, with her consent, from her own country to Troy." Schöll, vi. p. 106. — Harles, Super Coluthi carm. de raptu Helena. Erlang. 1775. fol. - C. J. Grafe, Conjecture in Coluthum, Tryphiodorum, &c. Petrop. 1818. 4. 2. Editions.-B.-J. Dan. de Lennep. Leovard, 1747. 8. G. H. Schäfer. Lpz. 1825.8. with notes of de Lennep, and additions. - Imm. Bekker. Berl. 1816. 8. A. Stan. Julien. Par. 1823. 8. This has the text of Bekker, with translations in Latin, Italian, French, Spanish, English and German, and a fac simile of two manuscripts of the poem (of the 15th and 16th centuries), representing not only the letters, but the color of the ink and paper. F. - Princeps, by Aldus, along with Quintus and Tryphiodorus, without date, but supposed 1504. (Schall, vi. p. 103.). 3. Translations. - German.-K. A. Kuttner, in his Callimachus. Alt. 1784. 8.-English.W. Beloe. Lond. 1736. 4. — - Meen, in Cooke's Hesiod, cited § 51. 6. $78. Quintus, or Cointus, lived probably in the first part of the 6th century. He was called Smyrnaus from his native place Smyrna, and received the surname Calaber from the circumstance that his poem was found in a convent in Calabria. lu. The poem ascribed to him, termed Пagakuera Ouioo, Things omitted by Homer, is drawn from the Cyclic poets (§ 21). It consists of 14 books, giving the history of the siege of Troy from the death of Hector to the departure of the Greeks. 2. Cardinal Bessarion found, in a convent at or near Otranto in Calabria, a manuscript copy of this poem, and also of that of Coluthus. And there is in manuscript another poem ascribed to Quintus, on the twelve labors of Hercules, in the library of St. Mark, and in that of the king of Bavaria at Munich. Studious imitation of Homer is apparent everywhere in the Paralipomena. Some have considered it a sort of amplification of the Little Iliad of Lesches, one of the early cyclic poets, or a compilation gathered from various poets of that class. Scholl, vi. 91. where is a pretty full analysis of the poem. Tourlet, in his translation, and Tychsen, in his edition cited below (3). — K. L. Struve, in his Abh. u. Reden meist. philol. Inhalts. Königsb. 1822. 8. 3. Editions. B. Th. Cr. Tychsen. Strassb. 1807. 2 vols. 8. F. The first by Aldus, with Coluthus, cited § 77. 2. - Rhodomann, Gr. & Lat. Han. 1604. 8.-J. C. de Pauw, Gr. & Lat. Leyd. 1734. 8. 4. Translations. — French.-R. Tourlet. Par. 1800. 2 vols. 8. “not faithful." (Fuhrmann.) 5. In connection with the imitations of Homer in the poems ascribed to Coluthus and Quin HISTORY OF GREEK LITERATURE. tus, we may notice another imitation of a singular kind, the "OOOZEFTOα, Homerocentra. This is a Life of Jesus Christ, in 2343 hexameter lines, formed by verses and hemistichs selected from Homer. It is ascribed by some to a Pelagius, who lived in the 5th century; by others to Eudocia, wife of the emperor Theodosius 2d. It was probably the work of both, having been commenced by the former and finished by the latter. cher. Lpz. 1793. 8. Gr. & Lat. The latest edition is that by L. H. Teu - $79. Tryphiodorus, a native of Egypt, of whose history nothing is known, lived in the 6th century, and was the author of a poem, entitled 'Ilov wors, the Destruction of Troy. It is marked by bombast and affectation of ornament. 1. He is said to have written other poems, as the Marathoniaca, the Hippodameia, and the Odyssey called Lipogrammatic, toyouμatız), because some particular letter of the alphabet was excluded from each of its 24 books; or, according to others, because the letter was excluded from the whole poem. The Destruction of Troy consists of only 681 verses, and is perhaps merely a sort of argument of a more full work contemplated by the author.-Schöll, vi. 109. 2. Editions. -B.-F. A. Wernicke (completed by Zumpf). Lpz. 1819. 8.Camb. 1791. and Lond. 1804. 8. Gr. & Lat. with excursuses. Thom. Northmore, $77. 2. -Fr. Jamot, Gr. & Lat. dissertation on the life and writings of Tryph. and an English metrical version in a separate volPar. 1537. 8. - J. Merrick, Gr. & Lat. Oxf. 1741. 8. with a -F.-Princeps, by Aldus, as cited ume.-Bodoni, 1796. fol. G. H. Schafer (pr. Tauchnitz). Lips. 1802. fol. $80. Theodorus Prodromus lived at Constantinople in the first half of the 12th century. There are several works by him yet remaining in manuscript, from which it appears that he followed the various pursuits of theologian, philosopher, grammarian and rhetorician. He is mentioned here on account of his erotic poem in 9 books, styled the Loves of Rhodanthe and Dosicles. (Cf. § 33.) 1. He enjoyed high reputation among his contemporaries, and the epithet Cyrus (Kvous for Kigos) often joined to his name, is said to have been given to him in token of respect. On embracing monastic life, he assumed the name of Hilarion. His poem above mentioned is but an indifferent performance. There is only one edition of it; G. Gaulmin, Par. 1625. 8. - A French translation is found in the Bibl. d. Romans Grees. vol. xi. as cited § 152. 2. -Cf. Schall, vi. p. 121. - Huet, Traite de l'origine des romans. Par. 1711. 12. p. 118. 2. Various other poetical pieces were composed by him; as the Galeomyomachia, or Galeomachia, mentioned § 50. 3. ; a poem, styled Poverty gives wisdom; another styled Friendship banished; and some epigrams in honor of eminent Christian Fathers, Basil, Chrysostom, and others. Other pieces remain in manuscript. 1608. 8.-best, by K. D. Ilgen, as cited ý 50. 3. Poverty &c. by G. Morell (pr.), Gr. & Lat. The Galeomachia, by F. Morell, Gr. & Lat. Par. Par. 1549. 4. Cf. Koray's Atakta. Par. 1828. 8. 1st vol. -Epigrams, by J. Erard. Lpz. 1598. 8. 3. Many works in prose were also written by him, of a character which places them in the class of grammatical and rhetorical works. p. 591. Schall, vi. 215, 265.- Harles, Brev. Not. Lit. Gr. 4. Two other authors were mentioned (§ 33) in speaking of erotic poetry, Nicetas Eugenianus and Constantine Manasses. These were first published by J. F. Boissonade. Par. 1819. 2 vols. 12. Gr. & Lat. $81. Tzetzes or Tzetza (John) was a grammarian of the 12th century, at Constantinople. From the works and fragments of other poets, and without taste, he compiled what were called his Antehomerica (Tango Ouiqov), Homerica (T&Ougov), and Posthomerica (TỪ μes' "Quigor). To these he also furnished scholia or comments. 1. The three pieces form a whole of 1665 hexameters, and are together called '1hazi. The first contains events from the birth of Paris to the tenth year of the Trojan war, with which Homer's Iliad opens; the second consists of an abridgment of that poem; the third, like the poem of Quintus, refers to what occurred between the death of Hector and the return of the Greeks. also wrote a work in political verse, called Bißios forogızij, treating of topics of Tzetzes history, mythology, and literature, in a very miscellaneous and disconnected manner the work is more commonly called Chiliades, from a division of the verses into several suites of 1000 lines each. He also composed an Iambic poem, on the education of children. Several other works in verse by him are yet in manuscript. The most considerable is the Yodos Tov 'Ouigov, explaining the fables of Homer.-Schöll, vi. p. 125. 2. The first edition of the pieces constituting the Iliaca; G. B. Shirach. Hal. 1770. 8. very imperfect. The next, and improved, Fr. Jacobs. Lpz.1793. 8. Last, and best text, S. Bekker. Berl. 1816. 8. The Chiliades; by N. Gerbelius. Bas. 1546. fol. -- J. Lectius, in Poetæ Gr. ete. in unum redacti corpus. Colon. Allobr. 1614. 2 vols. fol.--Best, † T. Kiessling. Lips. 1826. 8. 3. Tzetzes holds a higher rank as a grammarian and scholiast. He wrote commentaries on Homer's Iliad and on Hesiod. His commentary on Lycophron, by some ascribed to his brother Isaac Tietzes, has been mentioned § 67. 1. - Schall, vi. 265, 269. II.-Oratory and Orators. § 82u. Prose was cultivated later than verse, and oratory later than other branches of prose composition, of which the earliest form was historical. But although oratory, in form and as an art, did not exist at so early a period, yet even in the heroic ages there was actual eloquence. There was practical skill in moving the feelings of assembled numbers in civil and military affairs. We have evidence of this in the addresses made by the warriors of Homer, which, although doubtless the productions of the poet, are yet a proof of the existence and the success of a sort of oratory. § 83 u. The example of those historical writers, who were not indifferent to the beauties of style, seems to have first suggested to the Greeks the advantage of careful attention to the language and manner of their spoken addresses. From the time of Solon (B.C. 594), political eloquence was much practiced at Athens, and by the emulation of great speakers was ere long advanced to high perfection. Rhetoric and oratory soon became objects of systematic study, and were indispensable in the education of such as wished to gain any public office, or any influence in the affairs of the state. § 84. It may be remarked, then, that Grecian oratory was not of early or sudden growth. It was not till after Greece had adopted the popular forms of government, not till after the works of her Homer had been collected and begun to be studied, and after her general prosperity and independence allowed her citizens to attend to speaking as an art, that Greece exhibited any very eminent orators. At the time of Solon, beyond which the history of Grecian eloquence cannot be carried back, several of the states had existed much longer than Rome had at the time of Cicero. While eloquence made its first appearance thus late, and gradually rose to perfection under the peculiar circumstances of the nation, it continued in power and splendor only for a short period. Its real history must be considered as terminating with the usurpation of Philip and the supremacy of Macedon over southern Greece; so that the whole space of time, during which Grecian oratory particularly flourished, includes less than three hundred years. This space coincides with the third of the periods into which we have divided the history of Greek Literature, from Solon (about 600 B.C.) to Alexander (B.C.336). It is, however, the brightest period in the annals of Greece; a glorious day, at the close of which her sun went down in clouds and never again rose in its native splendor. § 85. It is also worthy of remark, that whatever glory has redounded to the Greeks for their eloquence, belongs almost exclusively to Athens. In the other states it was never cultivated with success. The orators, of whose genius any monuments are still preserved, or whose names have been recorded as distinguished, were Athenians. So that Cicero in his Brutus inquires, who knows of a Corinthian or Theban orator, unless you except Epaminondas? Out of Greece, however, the study flourished, both in the islands and in the settlements in western Asia. The Sicilians were the first who attempted to form rules for the art, and the Rhodians had orators that might be compared with the Attic. On Epaminondas, see Godoyn, La vie d'Epaminondas, Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscr. vol. xiv. p.183. §86. To one who traces the history of Grecian oratory through the period which has been mentioned, it will present itself under three different aspects |