The capital was Thebes, built by Cadmus, the Phoenician, who first introduced letters into Greece. The city stood on the river Ismenus, and was ornamented with seven gates, whence it is called Heptapylos. It was the Mrthplace of the demi-gods Hercules and Bacchus, of the poet Pindar, and of those illustrious warriors and statesmen, Pelopidas and Epaminondas. The citadel was, from its founder, called Cadmea. South of this was Platea, where the Persian army were totally destroyed by the united valor of the Athenians, Spartans, and Plateans; it was afterwards destroyed by the Spartans in the Peloponnesian war. We mention also Leuctra, near lake Copias, where the Spartans were defeated by Epaminondas; Coronea, near mount Helicon; Charonea, where Philip having defeated the Athenians and Thebans, became absolute master of Greece; Lebadea, remarkable for the temple of Trophonius; and Orchomenus, near which was the Acidalian fountain, sacred to Venus. Near the Corinthian gulf was Thespia, sacred to the Muses, having a port named Creusa; and Ascra, the birth-place of the poet Hesiod.

On the Euripus were Aulis, the rendezvous of the Grecian fleet in the Trojan expedition, and the scene of Iphigenia's sacrifice; Tanagra, where the celebrated poetess Corinna was born; and Delium, a village, which derived its name from a temple of Apollo, built in imitation of that at Delos, and was the place where Socrates, in the Peloponnesian war, saved the life of his pupil Alcibiades.

§ 100. The chief mountains of Boeotia were Helicon, with the fountain Aganippe and Hippocrene, sacred to the Muses; Pimpla, on the borders of Phocis, dedicated to the same divinities; Dirce, near Thebes; and Citharon, on the borders of Megaris, sacred to Bacchus.

The people of Boeotia were usually described as naturally stupid, but with apparently little justice; for it gave birth to many men of superior talents, and the barbarous custom of exposing children, common in the rest of Greece, was here totally prohibited. They have been accused of nourishing a deadly hatred for trifling causes. In the heroic ages, Thebes seems to have been one of the most powerful of the Grecian states, but its history is so involved, that the dis covery of the truth is very difficult. It certainly declined in after times; probably the misfor tunes and civil discords of the posterity of Cadmus had weakened the power and destroyed the spirit of the people.

§ 101. Megaris was a small territory, said not to be more than eight miles square, south of Mount Citharon, near the isthmus of Corinth. Its chief city was Megara, situated midway between Corinth and Athens, built on two cliffs not far from the the Sinus Saronicus; its port was Nisea, taken and destroyed by Pericles. The only other place of note was Crommyon, near the Scironian rocks; these were said to be very dangerous, and to have derived their name from Sciron, a notorious pirate and robber.

§ 102. The remaining province of Hellas was Attica, east of Megaris, and south of Citharon. The district so named was of a triangular shape, not 30 miles wide at its base on the north and tapering until it terminates in the point called Sunium, projecting into the Myrtoum Mare, east of the Sinus Saronicus (gulf of Engia). It was also called Acte (az) from its maratime situation. The capital was Athens, a more full description of which we shall give below.

§ 103. About ten miles north of Athens is Marathon, where the first Persian invaders, under the command of Datis and Artaphernes, were completely routed by the Athenians, commanded by Miltiades. North of this was the village Rhamnus, where a statue, formed of the marble that the Persians had brought to raise a trophy of their anticipated victory, was erected to the goddess Nemesis; a little to the east was Phyle, a strong fort, which was occupied by Thrasybulus, in his expedition against the thirty tyrants. On the Euripus was Delphinum, and Oropus, where there was a celebrated temple of Amphiaraus. Nearer to Athens, on the north side, was Acharna, where the Lacedæmonians encamped when they invaded Attica; and Decelia, which they fortified by the advice of Alcibiades.-East of Athens, was Brauron, where the statue of Diana, brought from Taurus by Orestes, was preserved until taken away by Xerxes; and Sunium, a town and promontory at the southeastern extremity of Attica, celebrated for a splendid temple of Minerva, (from the ruins of which it is now called Cape Colonna), and is in modern times remarkable as the scene of the shipwreck beautifully described by Falconer.-West of Athens was Eleusis, where the Eleusinian mysteries in

honor of Ceres were celebrated. There are two remarkable temples at Eleusis; that of Ceres and that of Triptolemus.

§ 104. Topography of ATHENS. The city of Athens was founded by Ce. crops, an Egyptian, who led thither a colony from the banks of the Nile. At first, it was called Cecropia, from the name of its founder; and afterwards A9rai, Athens, in honor of the goddess Minerva (whom the Greeks called A9), because she was the protectress of the city. In its most flourishing state, it was one of the largest and most beautiful cities of Greece, and is said by Aristides to have been a day's journey in going around it; according to other and more exact computations, it was about one hundred and seventyeight stadia, or rather more than twenty-two Roman miles; and Dion Chrysostom reckons it to have been two hundred stadia, about twenty-five Roman miles in circumference.-Col. Leake considers the ancient city to have been much larger than the modern, and estimates the circumference as not less than 19 miles at least, reckoning the sinuosities of the coasts and walls. -The number of gates is not known; thirteen are named by Robinson; the largest was called invov, and was near the Ceramicus; the leg was that leading to Eleusis.

For a plan of of Athens, see our Plate XXIX.-The description here given, is drawn chiefly from Robinson's Archæologia Græca.

§ 105. Athens lies in a valley, extending from mount Pentelicus on the east to the Sinus Saronicus on the west, between mount Parnes on the north, and Hymettus on the south. In the plain of this beautiful valley thus surrounded by natural ramparts, we behold the very singular geological feature of six insular mountain rocks standing in regular succession, and gradually diminishing as you descend from Pentelicus westward to the sea. The one nearest the sea is called the hill of Musaus. On the next is the Acropolis of Athens. The one next to this on the east is Mt. Anchesmus, on the summit of which was a temple and statue in honor of Jupiter; from this eminence an observer could survey the whole of Athens and its environs.-Two streams furnished their waters to the city. One was the Ilissus, which flowed to the east and south of the city, and which is supposed, from the appearance of its channel and from the allusions of the poets, to have been anciently much larger than it has been seen in modern times. The other, Cephissus, was still smaller and ran on the other side. Athens may be described in two parts; the Cecropia, built by Cecrops on the summit of the hill termed Acropolis (axgóлolis), and called the upper city, avw nólis; and the part built afterward, zúro rólis, or the lower city.

The hill or Acropolis as distinguished from the lower part is distinctly seen in the View given in our Plate immediately following the title-page; which is taken from J. C. Hobhouse's Journey through Albania and other provinces of Turkey &c. Lond. 1813. 2 vols. 4.-The Grecian method of thus connecting an Acropolis with their towns is also illustrated by our Plate XXXI. cf. § 80.

§ 106. The citadel, or upper city, was sixty stadia in circumference, and was fenced with wooden pales, or, as some say, was surrounded with olivetrees. It was fortified on the south side with a strong wall, which was built by Cimon, the son of Miltiades, from the spoils taken in the Persian war, and which was called Κιμώνιον τεῖχος. The north wall was built many ages before by Agrolas, or according to some, by Euryalus and Hyperbius, two brothers, who first taught the Athenians the art of building houses. This wall was denominated Πελασγικόν or Πελαργικόν, from the Pelasgi, the name of its founders. This wall was beautified with nine gates, from which it is sometimes called 'Evveúnulov; but, though there were several lesser gates, there was one grand entrance into the citadel, the Пoonaa, to which the Athenians ascended by steps covered with white marble, and which was built by Pericles, at great expense. Over this entrance is one of those enormous slabs of marble, called "marble beams" by Wheeler, and to which Pausanias particularly alluded, when, in describing the Propylæa, he says, that, even in his time, nothing surpassing the beauty of the workmanship, or the magnitude of the stones used in the building, had ever been seen.

The inside of the citadel was ornamented with innumerable edifices, statnes, and monuments on which the ancient stories were fully described. The noble statues of Pericles, Phormio, Iphicrates, Timotheus, and other Atheni an generals, were here intermingled with those of the gods.

Here was the temple of Minerva, called Nixy or Victory, constructed of white marble, and placed on the right of the entrance into the citadel.

§ 107. About the middle of the citadel was the stately temple of Minerva, called Parthenon, because that goddess preserved her virginity inviolate, or because it was dedicated by the daughters of Erechtheus, who were particu. larly called παρθένοι, virgins. It was also denominated Εκατόμπεδον, because it was one hundred feet square. It was burnt by the Persians, but restored by Pericles, who enlarged it fifty feet on each side. It was of the Doric order, and built of that beautiful white marble, found in the quarries of Pentelicus, a mountain of Attica. Within this temple was the statue of Minerva, so celebrated for its size, the richness of its materials, and the exquisite beauty of the workmanship. The figure, the work of Phidias, was twenty-six cubits high. This temple still remains a noble monument of antiquity, being 229 feet in length, 101 in breadth, and 69 in height. (See Plate XVI. fig. 1. Cf. P. IV. § 96. P. I. § 190. 4.)

Here also was the temple of Neptune, surnamed Erechtheus. This was a double building, and, besides other curiosities, contained the salt spring called Egeyes, which was feigned to have sprung out of the earth from a stroke of Neptune's trident, when he contended with Minerva for the possession of the country. This part of the temple was consecrated to Neptune. The other part belonged to Minerva, surnamed Hoitas, the protectress of the city, and Ivdoooos, from one of the daughters of Cecrops of that name. Here so late as the second century of the Christian æra, was the sacred olive-tree, which was said to have been produced by Minerva, and to have been as old as the foun dation of the citadel. Here also was the image of the goddess, which was said to have fallen from heaven in the reign of Erichthonius, and which was guarded by dragons, called dizovooi öquis, and had a lamp always burning with oil, and an owl before it. The whole structure was called 'Egiziov. Both these buildings still remain. The smaller edifice, which is an entrance to the other, is 29 feet in length, and 21 feet 3 inches in breadth. The larger is 63 1-2 feet in length, and 36 feet in breadth. The roof is supported by channeled Ionic pillars.

Behind the temple of Minerva stood the public treasury, which from its situation was called 'Orioódonos, and in which, besides other public money, a thousand talents were deposited for any very great exigency of the state.

In the citadel were also several other edifices, as the chapel of Jupiter 2Tig, and of Minerva Zάriga; the temple of Agraulos, the daughter of Cecrops, or rather of Minerva, who was worshiped under that name, in the front and steep side of the rock; and the temple of Venus, 'Inлolúteiα, consecrated by Phædra, when in love with Hippolytus.

§108. The lower city, which contained all the buildings that surrounded the citadel, with Munychia, Phalerum, and Piræus, was encompassed with walls of unequal strength, built at different times and by different persons. The principal parts of the walls were the Manga Teix, which joined the harbor of Piraeus to the city, and which being about five miles in length, were sometimes called Mazqù ozilŋ, long legs, and brachia longa, long arms. They consisted of two sides. The wall on the north side was built by Pericles at great expense, and continued forty stadia. That on the south side was called Νότιον τείχος, οι παρὰ μέσου τείχη, to distinguish it from the south wall of the citadel, and sometimes Teixos qɑingizor, because it included the port of of Phalerum. It was built by Themistocles, of huge square stones, not cemented together with mortar, but fastened on the outside by iron and leaden cramps. The height of it was forty cubits, but Themistocles wished to raise it to eighty cubits. Its length was thirty-five stadia. Upon both of the walls was erected a great number of turrets, which, after the Athenians became so numerous that the city could not contain them, were converted into dwelling-houses. The Movruzov, or wall that emcompassed the Munychia, and joined it to the Piræus, contained sixty stadia; and the exterior wall on the other side was forty-three stadia in length; and hence it appears, as has been before observed, that the whole circumference of Athens was 178 stadia, or rather more than 22 Roman miles.

§ 109. Of the buildings of the lower city, the principal and most remarka

ble were the following.—Поμлзior was a stately edifice, in which were kept the sacred utensils used at festivals, and in which were prepared all things necessary for solemn processions.-The temple of Vulcan, or of Vulcan and Minerva, situated not far from the Ceramicus within the city, was a public prison. Near to this building was the temple of the Heavenly Venus; for the Athenians had two deities of the name of Venus, of which one was desig nated Ovgaria, and the other Iúrdquos: the former presided over chaste and pure love; the latter was the patroness of lust and debauchery.-' Avázelov was a temple of Castor and Pollux, who were called avazes. In this place slaves were exposed to sale.

The temple of Theseus was erected by Cimon in the middle of the city, near the place where the youths employed themselves in wrestling and other bodily exercises. This temple was a sanctuary for slaves, and for all persons of low condition that fled from the persecution of men in power, in commemmoration of Theseus, who, when alive, was the guardian and protector of the distressed.

Speaking of the Temple of Theseus, Dr. Clarke observes, that this beautiful Doric temple more resembling, in the style of its architecture, the temples of Pæstum than that of Minerva in the Acropolis, and the most entire of any of the remaining structures of ancient Greece, were it not for the damage which the sculptures have sustained, may be considered as stili perfect. The entire edifice is of Pentelican marble; it stands east and west, the principal front facing the east; and it has a portico of six columns in each front, and on each side a range of eleven columns, exclusive of the columns on the angles.-See Plate XVI. fig. 3.

§ 110. Ολύμπιον, οι Ολυμπεῖον, was a temple erected in honor of Jupiter the Olympian, and was the most magnificent structure in Athens. The area, or peribolus, within which it stood, was four stadia in circumference. It was constructed with double rows of columns, 10 in front, and 21 in flank, amounting in all to 124; the extent of the front being 171 feet, and the length of the flank more than 400. These pillars are the majestic ruin of this sumptuous and stately temple. The foundation of this edifice was laid by Pisistratus, whose sons continued the work; but it was not completely finished till the time of Adrian, 700 years after the structure had been commenced.

The temple of Apollo and Pan stood on the north side at the bottom of the citadel, in a cave or grotto, which was called Mazqai nitoα, or Kezoniαι ITQα. — The temple of Diana, surnamed Avoitoros, because in it women, after the birth of their first child, dedicated their girdles to that goddess.

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Harsov was a temple consecrated to all the gods, who as they were united in one edifice were honored with one common festival, which was called Sivia. This was also a very magnificent structure, and was supported by 120 pillars of marble. On the outside were curiously engraved the deeds and story of all the gods; and on one great gate two horses were carved by Praxiteles. The temple of the Eight Winds was a tower of eight squares, of marble, on every side of which was carved the figure of a wind, according to the quarter whence it blew.

The model of this building was furnished by Andronicus Cyrrhastes, who placed upon the top of the tower a small pyramid of marble, upon the summit of which he erected a brazen triton, holding in his right hand a switch or wand. The triton was so placed that he turned round with the wind, and pointed with the wand to the wind which blew. — A view of this structure is given in our Plate XVI. fig. 2.

§ 111. Zroαi, porticos, were very numerous at Athens; but the most remarkable was that called Ioiaráztios, and afterwards Ioizin, from its containing a variety of curious pictures, drawn by those great masters, Polygnotus, Mycon, and Panænus, the brother of Phidias. At the gate of the Пoizian was the statue of Solon.-To the north of the Acropolis, not far from the temple of Theseus, are the ruins of a structure once evidently very splendid, supposed by Stuart to be the ruins of this celebrated Stoa or Porch. Some travelers have mistaken them for the remains of the temple of Jupiter Olympius already described, which was in the southern part of the city, near the fountain Calirrhoe.

Movation was a fort near the citadel, which received its name from the poet Museus, the scholar of Orpheus, who used to repeat his verses in this place, where he was also buried. - 'detov was a music theatre, built by Pericles. The inside of this building was filled with seats and ranges of pillars; and

the outside roof or covering was gradually bent downwards. The roof, which was constructed of the masts and yards of the vessels taken from the Persians, and in its form resembled the tent of Xerxes, was supported by columns of stone or marble. It was burnt by Sylla at the siege of Athens, but afterwards rebuilt. This Odéum was situated on the south-east angle of the citadel. The Odéum of Herodes Atticus has sometimes been confounded with that of Pericles, but the Odéum of Herodes was situated at the southwest angle of the citadel. This last was built by Herodes, in memory of his wife, and was considered as far surpassing, in magnitude and in the costliness of its materials, every other edifice of the kind in all Greece. The roof of this building was of cedar.

The Ceramicus received its denomination from Ceramus, the son of Bacchus and Ariadne; or more properly ἀπό τῆς κεραμεικης τέχνης, from the pote ter's art, which was invented here by Coræbus. This extensive space was divided into two parts, one of which was situated within the city, and contained a great number of temples, theatres, porticos, &c.; the other was in the suburbs, was a public burying place, and contained the academy, and several other buildings. The academy and other gymnasia have been already mentioned (P. I. § 74, 64).

§ 112. Ayogai, forums, were very numerous; but the most remarkable were the old and the new forum. The new forum was in a place called EoErgia, which it is probable was near to the portico of Zeno. The old forum was situated in the Ceramicus within the city, and was called 'Agpala ayogú. It was extremely spacious, and was decorated with buildings dedicated to the worship of the gods, or to the service of the state; with others which sometimes afforded an asylum to the wretched, but which were often a shelter for the wicked; and with statues decreed to kings and individuals, who had merited well of the republic. In it were held the public assemblies of the people; but every trade had a different place assigned as a market, and the forum was divided into different parts, according to the wares exposed for sale. Thus Kuzios denotes the place where slaves were sold; 'Aquózokis ayoga, the bakers' market; Izdvóлhis йyou the fish-mongers' market; Furaizela yoga, the market for women's apparel. The time when goods were exposed to sale was called 9ovoa àyoqà, full market, from the great number of persons assembled; and different hours of the day seem to have been appointed for the sale of different commodities. To this place the inhabitants resorted every day. The Scythians, kept in pay by the republic to maintain order, were encamped in the middle of the forum. Collectors also attended to receive the duties imposed on every thing that was sold, and magistrates to superintend what passed.

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BovEUT Qia were public halls, in which each company of tradesmen met, and deliberated on matters relating to their trades. At Athens trade was very much encouraged; and if any one reproached another, even the lowest citizen, with living by the profit of his traffic, he was liable to an action of slander.

§ 113. Aqueducts were not common at Athens before the time of the Romans; and the want of them was supplied by wells, some of which were dug by private persons, and others at the public expense; but as good water at Athens was extremely scarce, frequent quarrels arose among the citizens. Adrian laid the foundation of a stately aquedut which was finished by his successor Antoninus, and which was supported by Ionic pillars.

The stadium was a large semicircle in which exercises were performed; and for the accommodation of spectators, who resorted thither in great numbers, it was built with steps above each other, in order that the higher ranks might look over the heads of those placed below them. The most remarkable at Athens, and indeed in all Greece, was the stadium erected near the river Ilissus by Lycurgus, and afterwards enlarged by Herodes Atticus, one of the richest of the Athenians. It was built of Pentelic marble, with such magnificence that Pausanias did not expect to be credited, even in his brief descrip tion of this work, and says that it was a wonder to be taken for a mountain of of white marble upon the banks of the Ilissus. It was about 125 geometrical paces in length, and 26 or 27 in breadth, and was therefore called a stadium,