says it is estimated that in one summer 300 flies may hatch in a cubic inch of manure, if this is left undisturbed.

The hairy nature of its feet makes the fly an unrivaled carrier of filth and contagion, and as many as 10,000 bacteria have been found upon a single fly. Among the germs which have been thus isolated in pure culture, we may mention: A. typhi abdominalis, B. coli, bubonicæ, pyogemic micro-organisms and the eggs of most of the intestinal parasites. Microbes are carried mostly upon the legs of the insect, but are likewise deposited in its feces and may be liberated by the dry decay of dead flies. In one speck left by a fly that had been captured on the face of a leper, says Ritchie, 1115 leprosy germs were counted.

To diminish and destroy what may be termed the Fly Peril, there are three main principles to follow: 1. Remove the first cause by having manure removed every week (before maggots have time to develop into flies), or if this is impracticable, keep it carefully covered in a closed box (using chlorinated lime as a disinfectant) or screened with wire gauze. Garbage should be protected in the same way, when it cannot be burned or fed to chickens or pigs. 2. Prevent entrance of flies into house and contact with foods and drinks, by well-fitting screens for doors and windows and the quick storing of viands in refrigerator and cupboards; also a netting for the helpless sleeping baby. 3. Kill every fly on sight, if you can, with a wire "killer," dilute formalin (renewed every day) on a plate, or sticky fly paper, the black fly paper should not be used where there are little children, as it is very poisonous. The absence of flies, like the presence of soap, should be considered a true index of civilization.

A SANE AND SAFE FOURTH.

For several years we have annually called the attention of the public to the dangers attending the explosives used to "celebrate" July 4. The number of fatal injuries resulting from giant crackers, toy pistols and other explosives has annually exceeded that of many historical battles. The noise attending this form of celebration has a disastrous effect upon many cases of illness. We trust the agitation that is going on for a more sane and quiet observance of this holiday will be successful. However, should the slightest injury be done to any one, no matter how trivial it appears, call a surgeon at once. A proper dressing of the wound

may prevent tetanus or other serious results.

In many cities serious consideration is being given to the abolition of explosives and in the adoption of as interesting but less dangerous amusements. We would urge upon all a careful consideration of this subject.