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to the utmost "prudence; is of an open and liberal disposition, and of the greatest personal courago.

tory that knew no bounds, he is gifted with great abilities, joined
joined an extraordinary bodily
strength impetuous and extre-
mely violent, his passions often led
him to acts of cruelty; he was libe-One particular trait will stamp

ral to prodigality, and greedily rapacious; intrepid, active, and dexterous, bold in enterprise and cool in action: had Mourad enjoyed the advantages of a liberal education, he might have been a good as well as a great man.

The nominal place of chief of the Mamalukes was at this time pessessed by Ibrahim Bey, who had been with thegrand vizier's army for some time; but from his want of spirit and enterprise, he had very little influence over them. He took great pains to give no jealousy to the vizier, wishing to keep in his far vour, though he did not possess his confidence. His object was to be nominated Sheick el Belled, after the subjection of Egypt.. Osman Bey Tambourgi* was the person looked upon as their chief, having been nominated by Mourad Bey on his death-bed. He was of a violent temper; but of no extraordinary talents. Mahomed Bey Elfi, so surnamed from the number of sequins for which he was. purchased, Elfi signifying a thousand, had however the most extensive influence. He

his character; at the death of Mou rad, all the beys looked up to him, and wished to appoint him chief, in opposition to the desire expressed by Mourad; but he declined accepting it, thinking they were weak enough, without: quarrelling antong themselves..

Osman Bey Berdici was said to be an ambitious and able man, but not so prudent as Mahomed. He had, however, a great deal of influence and a strong party.

But the chief counsellor of the Mamalukes, who transacted all their business, was a black, who had been Mourad Bey's confidant. It is supposed, that it was he who persuaded Mourad to nominate Osman Bey Tambourgi as his successor, in order that he might still keep the management of their affairs as Caya Bey. He was a remarkably shrewd, insinuating character, and was employed in all the negotiations both with the French and English.

To be a Mamaluke, it was indispensábly necessary to have been a slave: and even the child of a Ma maluke could not hold any employ

* Osman Bey Tambourgi, in open defiance of the pledged Ottoman faith, and. through the perfidious policy of that court, was assassinated in the month of October 1501, when going in the capoutan pacha's barge to dine on board sir Richard Bickerton's ship in the harbour of Alexandria. Osman, Bey, Ascar, Mahomed Bey Mafice, and the black Caya Béy, thể confidant of Mourad Bey, also shared the same fateOsman Bey Berdici was very severely wounded, but fortunately recovered. The survivors were taken on board the capoutan bey's ship, the Sultan Selim.

This,'

after some so

Immediately upon the above transaction being made known to lord Hutchinson, he ordered brigadier-general Stuart, at the head of his regiment, and with guns amg lighted matches, to proceed to the Turkish camp on the eastward of Alexandria, and to insist upon the bodies of the beys being given up to the British. tation, was acceded to by the capoutan pacha, and the remaining beys were liberated the next day, and sent to, Alexandria, where the bodies of those who had been slamm were buried by the Batish army with all possible military ponoursوا الله له الق Dert

1

ment among thera. The beys, kiachefs, and other officers among the Mamalukes, purchased these slaves from merchants, who brought them to Egypt. They were of all nations and countries, some Germans and Russians, bot chiefly Georgians, Circassians, and from the other parts of Mount Caucasus. After having served their masters with fidelity, they were made free, and then had the right of buying slaves. The power and influence 'of the beys were proportionate to the number of Mamalukes that composed their household.

Mamalukes, while slaves, cannot wear a beard, which is always the indisputable proof of their freedom. Beside the twenty-four beys, they were governed by a certain number of kiachefs, an employ subordinate to that of a bey. Their revenues consisted in those villages which were their individual property, and in the extortions and fines which they exacted from the unfortunate inhabitants.

The Mamalukes are a brave and génerous race, but are cruel and revengeful. They are also addicted to the most detestable and unnatural of crimes, which is extremely prevalerit in most parts of the Turkish empire.

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fortunate battle of Heliopolis, and the intrigues of his enemies. For this he is indebted, not so much to his own abilities, as to the powerful protection of the caya (i. e, superintendent of the household) of the sultan, the sultan's mother, who possesses the utmost influence a Constantinople. Still he has every thing to fear from the ascendency of the capoutan pacha, who is rather his rival than his personal enemy. But Turkish rivalry cannot be dig nified with the name of emulation, and there can be little doubt but the pacha would rejoice in the disgrace of this minister.

Though the vizier is totally un acquainted with European politics, and indeed with every kind of European knowledge, he is pretty well versed in Oriental literature, particularly Persian. He is by no means a man of bright talents; yet he has had sufficient good sense to accomplish the very difficult task of keepang his army in some degree of subordination.

One of the most prominent traits of his character is an inclination to attribute every circumstance to the course of fate, which, whether it conduct to good or evil, he thinks irresistible, and any effort to stem its torrent the considers as impotent, if not impious. Under this impression, when surrounded at Jaffa by Albanian revolters, who, in his own tent, presenting their muskets, threatened him with death, if not immediately paid, his answer was, Pecke (i. e, very well). One of his greatest faults is allowing toe much influence to his favourites, who are all rapacious in the greatest thegree, and who carry on their depredations in his name, relying on his partiality for their justification. One

One of his favourites, formerly his cook, is the present pacha of Jerusalem; and is one of those supposed to have been concerned in the murder of general Kleber.

The following anecdote wilt place his temper in its most amiable point of view. His highness was always, and is to this day, very fond of throwing a kind of inoffensive lance, called gyritt, at which he is very expert. This feat consists in riding up full speed against your adversary, and darting at him a slender staff of a hard heavy wood, about six or seven feet long, with all your force, which he does his utmost to avoid, by bending himself close over his horse's neck. The riders, as well as their horses, are wonderfully trained to this exercise.

At one of these displays of adroitness, an attendant of the vizier, with whom he was playing, threw his gyritt at him, which unfortunately struck hun full in the eye, and caused its total loss. The vizier, - convinced that the stroke was unintentional, sent for the man, who fearing the loss of his head, had absconded: With fear and trembling he obeyed the summons; when he was ordered a thousand gold se-quins, accompanied with an injunction from the vizier, never again to appear in his sight, lest, being reminded of the cause of his misfortune, he might not at all times be able to command his temper.

Notwithstanding the loss of his eye, his highness is a very good looking man of his age. His figure is prepossessing, and a venerable white beard, of which he takes the utmost care, gives hin the appearance of a warrior of old. The capoutan pacha has displayed, in the

present campaign at least, his military qualifications, which have obtained him high renown in this country, but which dwindle away when put in competition with the talents of an European commander.

An ambition spurning the idea of a rival, prodigal generosity, activity indefatigable, great penetration, a marked predilection for every thing European, and a desire to better the condition of every one immediately about him, are the best and most prominent features in his character; but to his edu. cation in the seraglio he owes the opposite and dark side of his character, profound dissimulation, and a deep spirit of intrigue.

He has great interest at Constan tinople, derived from his own abilities, and from his relationship to the sultan, one of whose sisters is his wife. He is violent in his hatred to the person who has sufficient penetration to develope his character or his views; but as his animosity increases, he puts on a semblance of friendship more attractive, and the mask of kindness never falls off till his enemy is enticed into the snare.

Still he is the only man now among the Turks who possesses enlarged ideas in politics. He has been able to place the Turkish navy on a footing far more respectable than when he was put at its head; and there is not one Turkish commander, except himself, who has disciplined his troops with any de gree of regularity. He has now under his orders two very good regiments, those of Abdallah and Soliman Aga, commanded indeed by Germans, but owing much of their regularity to his own superintend ence,

The

The capoutan pacha has the uteretary of the empire, is well known

most contempt for the vizier, which be'does not endeavour to conceal. He took great pains to keep his, army separate, and always, wished that the prowess of his troops should De compared with that of the vizier's forces. His pride told him, that he could not lose by the comparison.

The vivacity of bis mind inclines him rather to the French than to, the English, and should he succeed; in his views of being appointed vizier, to which situation his talents and anıbition lead him, his first act would probably be to consolidate an amicable treaty with France, and endeavour to establish a regular and well disciplined army in the Turkish empire, by introducing European officers. He will probably succeed in many of his plans, unless conticial fatigue, excess in opium, or Intrigues, cut him off in the midst. of his career.

There is one person in whom he reposes the utmost confidence, and whom on all occasions he consults. This is Isaak Bey, a man of deep and low cunning, who has been at Paris, and is a complete Frenchman. He will most likely succeed his patron, the capoutan pacha; in his

situation.

Isaak Bey possesses extremely insinuating manners, and is a very abject flatterer. His stay in France having enlarged his ideas; he attempted by his writings to reform many parts of the Maliometan religion; at which, as may well be sitpposed, the mufti took great offence, and got him proscribed: Isank Bey saved himself by fight, and took refuge with his present master, who has granted him his full protection and friendship.

The reis effendi, or principal se

in England, when he was, secretary to the Turkish embassy. His knows ledge of European manners and politeness procured him the greatest advantages in the intercourse with our army. He is a great favourite of the grand vizier, over whom he has a powerful. ascendency., H possesses very good talents, is conning, extremely avaricious, and supposed to favour, the French, for whom he has a great predilection.

The reason of the chief oficers of the Ottoman empire, civil as well as military,.accompanying the arn.y, is, that the Forte, or court, is always. supposed to be with it, and ali orders of the sultan are deemed to be issued by him from his stirrup. Such was the case in former wars, when the conquering sultans commanded their armies in person.

of the exterior Appearance and bodily Constitution of the Laplanders, c. From Acerbis Travels through, Lapland, c..

HE children

THE

of the Laplanders

are remarkably fat and chubby, which appears not only in their faces, but other parts of their bodies. This disposition to increase in ficsh, however, is less perceptible as they grow up. The Laplander is of a swarthy and dark complexion, his hair is black and short, his mouth wide, and his cheeks hollow, with a chin somewhat long and pointed; his eyes are weak and watery, which in some degree proceeds from the constant smoke he endures whilst at home, in his tent or hut; and may likewise be attributed to the snows which, dùring winter, are constantly driving in

his

his face, whilst he is abroad and engaged in hunting upon the mountains, which afford him no object to fix upon but what is glaring with whiteness. That this weakness of the eyes proceeds from these causes, and especially the latter, is highly probable, from the circumstance that a man often loses his sight for several days after his return from hunting.

The Laplanders have been represented by some authors as being overgrown with shaggy hair, like wild beasts. Others have given them but one eye: but these are fables which those authors seem to have borrowed from Herodotus and Pliny, and in no way applicable either to the Laplanders, or any race of people upon the face of the earth. Others again have asserted, with a greater appearance of truth and justice, that they had from nature an offensive smell. It must indeed be acknowledged, that there is a certain unsavoury rankness which attends the Laplander, more than is commonly found with the inhabitants of other countries: but this is not so much to be imputed to his natural temperament as to his mode of life, dwelling as he does in a hut or tent, in the midst of a constant smoke, and clothed in a dress which has imbibed quantities of dirt, grease, and train oil.

The Laplanders are for the most part short in stature, but they possess a tolerable share of bodily strength. They are certainly a very hardy race of people, and are able to undergo great labour, and actually support theniselves under the extraordinary severity of their climate with a wonderful degree of patience and fortitude. In proof of this our missionary mentions the

the instance of a woman, who crossed mountains of ice and snow in the month of December, five days after her delivery of a child, in order to attend the prayers of what is commonly called churching. The mountain Laplanders, and those of the sea-coast, or the maritime Laplanders, are equally objects of admiration in this respect, that they are able to breathe amidst the suffocating smoke of their tents and huts, when the only aperture by which the smoke can pass is closed in order to keep out the weather; and as it has been observed that the Laplanders are by nature and from habit able to endure great hardships, and sustain excessive labour with patience, so it has been long since remarked, that the most simple medicaments, which are elsewhere but little esteemed, have sufficient efficacy to restore them to health, unless their disorders are of a very violent nature. This truth is established by long experience, and seems as if Providence, in compensation for their inability to procure extraordinary assistance, permitted the same effects to be produced by the most common means. They set a high value on spices, and no present is more acceptable to a Laplander, than that which either consists of tobacco, pepper, ginger, and the like, let the quantity be ever so small.

They possess a degree of agility which is really wonderful, and their bodies are supple and pliant beyond conception. It is surprising what a number of them are able to stow themselves within a space which we should not imagine would hold one half, or even one third of that quantity. They will sit in the closest contact with each other,

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