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CHAPTER LIX.

PRESERVATION OF THE GREEK EMPIRE. NUMBERS, PASSAGE, AND EVENT,

OF THE SECOND AND THIRD CRUSADES.—ST. BERNARD. -REIGN OF SALADIN

IN EGYPT AND SYRIA. HIS CONQUEST OF JERUSALEM. NAVAL CRUSADES.

-RICHARD THE FIRST OF ENGLAND. POPE INNOCENT THE THIRD; AND THE

FOURTH AND FIFTH CRUSADES. — THE EMPEROR FREDERIC THE SECOND.

LOUIS THE NINTH OF FRANCE; AND THE TWO LAST CRUSADES.

OF THE LATINS OR FRANKS BY THE MAMALUKES.

1097-1118. Success of Alexius

Expeditions by Land

1101. The first Crusade

1147. The second, of Conrad III.

and Louis VII.

-

-

EXPULSION

1192. His Treaty and Departure . 266

1193. Death of Saladin

. 267

Passage through the Greek

1198-1216. Innocent III.

Empire

Turkish Warfare

Obstinacy of the Enthusiasm

of the Crusades

246

. 268

269

271

Crusade

271

. 272

CHAPTER LX.

-

REVOLT

3CHISM OF THE GREEKS AND LATINS. -STATE OF CONSTANTINOPLE.

OF THE BULGARIANS. ISAAC ANGELUS DETHRONED BY HIS BROTHER

ALEXIUS. ORIGIN OF THE FOURTH CRUSADE. · ALLIANCE OF THE FRENCH

AND VENETIANS WITH THE SON OF ISAAC. THEIR NAVAL EXPEDITION

TO CONSTANTINOPLE. THE TWO SIEGES AND FINAL CONQUEST OF THE

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-

--

FIVE LATIN

PARTITION OF THE EMPIRE BY THE FRENCH AND VENETIANS.

EMPERORS OF THE HOUSES OF FLANDERS AND COURTENAY. THEIR WARS

AGAINST THE BULGARIANS AND GREEKS. WEAKNESS AND POVERTY OF

THE LATIN EMPIRE. - RECOVERY OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE GREEKS.

GENERAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE CRUSADES.

THE GREEK EMPERORS OF NICE AND CONSTANTINOPLE.

REIGN OF MICHAEL PALEOLOGUS.

HIS FALSE UNION WITH THE POPE

AND THE LATIN CHURCH. HOSTILE DESIGNS OF CHARLES OF ANJOU.

REVOLT OF SICILY. WAR OF THE CATALANS IN ASIA AND GREECE.

REVOLUTIONS AND PRESENT STATE OF ATHENS.

Restoration of the Greek

Empire

1204-1222. Theodore Lascaris.

1222-1255. John Ducas Vataces

1255-1259. Theodore Lascaris II.

1259. Minority of John Las-

caris ..

Family and Character of

Michael Palæologus

His Elevation to the Throne 365

1260. Michael Palæologus Em-

368

Palæologus blinds and

banishes the young Em-

peror

1262-1268. Is excommunicated by

the Patriarch Arsenius 369

1266-1812. Schism, of the Arsen-

ites

370

1280. Palæologus instigates the

Revolt of Sicily.

. 378

1282. The Sicilian Vespers .

. 379

380

CHAPTER LXIII.

CIVIL WARS, AND RUIN OF THE GREEK EMPIRE.

THE ELDER AND YOUNGER, AND JOHN PALEOLOGUS.

REIGN, AND ABDICATION OF JOHN CANTACUZENE.

GENOESE COLONY AT PERA OR GALATA.

AND CITY OF CONSTANTINOPLE.

THE

HISTORY

OF

THE DECLINE AND FALL

OF THE

ROMAN EMPIRE.

DIVISION.

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CHAPTER LIIL

STATE OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE IN THE TENTH CENTURY. EXTENT AND WEALTH AND Revenue. PALACE OF CONSTANTINOPLE. TITLES AND Offices. PRIDE AND POWER OF THE EMPERORS. TACTICS OF THE GREEKS, ARABS, AND FRANKS. Loss OF THE LATIN TONGUE.STUDIES AND SOLITUDE OF THE GREEKS.

--

empire.

Works of

A RAY of historic light seems to beam from the darkness of the tenth century. We open with curiosity and respect the royal Memorials volumes of Constantine Porphyrogenitus,' which he com- of the Greek posed at a mature age for the instruction of his son, and which promise to unfold the state of the Eastern empire, both in peace and war, both at home and abroad. In the first of these works he minutely describes the pompous ceremonies Constantine of the church and palace of Constantinople, according to rogenitus. his own practice and that of his predecessors. In the second he attempts an accurate survey of the provinces, the themes, as they were then denominated, both of Europe and Asia.3 The system of The epithet of Пeg@ugeyivnres, Porphyrogenitus, born in the purple, is elegantly defined by Claudian:

And Ducange, in

Ardua privatos nescit fortuna Penates;

Et regnum cum luce dedit. Cognata potestas
Excepit Tyrio venerabile pignus in ostro.

Porphy

his Greek and Latin Glossaries, produces many passages expressive of the same idea.

A splendid MS. of Constantine, de Cæremoniis Aulæ et Ecclesiæ Byzantina, wandered from Constantinople to Buda, Frankfort, and Leipsic, where it was published in a splendid edition by Leich and Reiske (A.D. 1751, in folio), with such lavish praise as editors never fail to bestow on the worthy or worthless object of their toil.

• See, in the first volume of Banduri's Imperium Orientale, Constantinus de The. VOL. VII.

B