Earnings and hours in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing industries-Continued

1 These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments covering both full- and part-time employees who worked or received pay during any part of one pay period ending nearest the 15th of March 1947. The figures shown below relate to firms reporting man-hour data in all cases except security brokerage and insurance; weekly earnings are based on a slightly larger sample (see footnote 1 in tables 1 and 4). Manufacturing.-32,400 establishments, 7,521,000 production workers. Mining.-2,500 establishments, 318,000 production workers. Public utilities.-6,700 establishments, 543,000 employees. Wholesale trade.-8,900 establishments, 250,000 employees. Retail trade.-28,600 establishments, 722,000 employees.

Hotels (year-round).-1,000 establishments, 87,000 employees.

Power laundries and cleaning and dyeing.-1,300 establishments, 63,000 production workers.
Security brokerage and insurance.--3,600 establishments, 170,000 employees.

For manufacturing, mining, power laundries, and cleaning and dyeing industries, the data relate to production workers only. For the remaining industries the data relate to all employees except high-paid executives and officials. Data for the current and immediately preceding months are subject to revision. New series beginning with January 1947 figures shown in table; not comparable with previously published data:

Metal doors, sash, frames, molding, and trim.-Comparable December 1946 data are $52.33, 43.2 hours, and 121.2 cents.

Aluminum manufactures.-Comparable December 1946 data are $48.34.

'Revisions have been made as follows in the data for earlier months:

Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors.-July through December 1946 to $47.55, $48.66, $50.42, $50.34, $49.65, and $49.75; 119.9, 122.4, 124.7, 124.5, 124.8, and 125.1 cents.

Caskets and other morticians' goods.-November and December 1946 to $43.14 and $45.02; 103.5 and 103.7 cents.

Retail trade. December 1946 to $34.06.

General merchandise.-December 1946 to $29.33.

Millinery.-Revised series beginning January 1945; not comparable with previously published data. Comparable data are available upon request.

Excludes messengers, and approximately 6,000 employees of general and divisional headquarters, and of cable companies.

Cash payments only; additional value of board, room, andītips, not included.

Not available.

Trend of Factory Earnings, 1939 to March 1947

AVERAGE EARNINGS of factory workers, summarized in the accompanying table for selected months from January 1939 to March 1947,1 are on a gross basis (i. e., before deductions for social security, income taxes, bond purchases, etc.).

Earnings of factory workers in selected months, 1939 to March 1947

1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at time and one-half. The method of estimating average hourly earnings exclusive of overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on major holidays. Estimates for the months of January, July, September, and November, therefore, may not be precisely comparable with those for the other months, in which important holidays are seldom included in the pay periods for which manufacturing establishments report to the Bureau. This characteristic of the data does not appear to invalidate the comparability of the figures for January 1941 with those for the preceding and following months.

* Preliminary.

1 Compare Trends in Factory Wages, 1939-43, in Monthly Labor Review, November 1943 (p. 869), especially table 4 (p. 879). For detailed data regarding weekly earnings, see preceding table.

Weekly earnings in all manufacturing averaged $47.72 in January 1947-105.8 percent above the average in January 1939, 79.1 percent above January 1941, and 22.7 percent above October 1942. Weekly earnings for March 1947 increased 12.9 percent above March 1946.

Gross hourly earnings in all manufacturing averaged 118.0 cents in March 1947-86.7 percent above the average in January 1939, 72.8 percent above January 1941, and 32.1 percent above October 1942.

Average hourly earnings exclusive of overtime, as shown in columns 7 to 9, are weighted by man-hours of employment in the major divisions of manufacturing for January 1941. Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at time and a half. The method of estimating average hourly earnings exclusive of overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on major holidays or the effect of extra pay for work on supplementary shifts. For all manufacturing, the average hourly earnings, exclusive of overtime, in March 1947 were 113.9 cents per hour-77.7 percent above January 1939, 71.5 percent above January 1941, and 41.1 percent above October 1942.

June 1947

Cooperative Movement

Handbook on major regional farm supply purchasing cooperatives, 1944 and 1945. By Joseph G. Knapp and Jane L. Scearce. Washington, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Credit Administration, Cooperative Research and Service Division, 1946. 45 pp.; processed. (Miscellaneous report No. 102.) Data for the 18 major regional associations, showing operating facilities, business done (in terms of money and volume of various commodities handled), and earnings (profits).

Cooperative frozen-food locker plants-organization and operation. By S. T. Warrington and Paul C. Wilkins. Washington, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farm Credit Administration, Research and Service Division, 1946. 82 pp., bibliography, maps, plans, illus. (Circular C-127.) 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.

Intended for use of groups wishing to organize and operate a cold-storage locker and processing plant. Describes organizing procedures, financing, plant design, selection of personnel, bookkeeping, and elements of expense.

Credit union development in Wisconsin.

By Eli Shapiro. New York, Columbia University Press, 1947. 174 pp., chart. (Columbia University studies in history, economics and public law, No. 525.) $2.50.

Detailed examination, on the basis of State official records (mostly as of 1939), of Wisconsin credit unions. Among the topics covered are assets and liabilities, loans (including mortgage loans), investments, and earnings. One of the most valuable chapters relates to liquidations and reasons therefor.

Report of the 77th annual cooperative congress of the Cooperative Union, Ltd., Blackpool, June 10-12, 1946. Manchester, England, Cooperative Union, Ltd., [1946?]. 550 pp. 10s.

In addition to speeches and reports, contains detailed statistics on the various central organizations of the British cooperative movement and on the retail cooperatives.

Cost and Standards of Living

The changing composition of family budgets for selected groups of Corn Belt farmers, 1940-42. By Willard W. Cochrane and Mary D. Grigg. Washington, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 1946. 107 pp., charts; processed.

Quantity and cost budget for a single working woman. Quantity and cost budgets for dependent families or children. Quantity and cost budgets for three income levels: 1, Family of an executive; 2, Family of a white-collar worker; 3, Family of a wage earner. Berkeley, University of California, Heller Committee for Research in Social Economics, 1946. 17, 56, 107 pp.; processed. 35 cents, 75 cents, $1, respectively.

Las condiciones económico-sociales y el costo de la vida de la clase media en Bogotá. Bogotá, Contraloría General de la República, Dirección Nacional de Estadística, 1946. 99 pp., charts. (Supplement to Nos. 19-20 of Anales de Economía y Estadística, October 1946.)

EDITOR'S NOTE.-Correspondence regarding the publications to which reference is made in this list should be addressed to the respective publishing agencies mentioned. Where data on prices were readily available, they have been shown with the title entries.

Las condiciones económico-sociales y el costo de la vida de la clase obrera en la ciudad de Honda [Colombia]. Bogotá, Contraloría General de la República, Dirección Nacional de Estadística, 1946. 95 pp., charts. (Supplement to Nos. 15-16 of Anales de Economía y Estadística, June 1946.)

One of several studies of cost of living of the working class in Colombia, made by the national statistical office.

Economic and Social Problems

Can we prevent depressions? Washington, Kiplinger Magazine, 1947. 24 pp. Special report from the editors of the Kiplinger Magazine on the problems of depression and what the President's Council of Economic Advisers is doing to smooth out the cycle of "boom and bust."

National product since 1869. By Simon Kuznets. New York, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1946. 239 pp. (Publication No. 46.) $3. Intended chiefly for reference by students and technical users, this report is largely a collection of statistical tables with notes describing sources of data and procedures. Part I contains annual estimates of national product, 1919–43; part II, the same totals and categories as part I, by decades, 1869-1938; part III, discussion of derivation of the proportion of flow of goods to consumers accounted for by services not embodied in new commodities; and part IV, analysis and recalculation of national wealth since 1880, including the allocation of capital formation by categories of users.

Pattern of consumer spending. (In Conference Board Business Record, National Industrial Conference Board, Inc., New York, March 1947, pp. 53-61, charts.)

Review of consumer expenditure and income, the retail trade record, and volume of buying with borrowed funds in 1946 as compared with earlier years.

The money value of a man. By Louis I. Dublin and Alfred J. Lotka. New York, Ronald Press Co., 1946. 214 pp., charts. Rev. ed. $6.

Various aspects of the economic value of the breadwinner of a family are discussed from an actuarial point of view. Revised tables of valuation, by age and income of worker, are appended, as well as age schedules of family consumption units and of savings, together with other basic data.

American capitalism vs. Russian communism. Compiled by Clarence A. Peters. New York, H. W. Wilson Co., 1946. 305 pp., bibliography. (Reference shelf, Vol. 18, No. 7.) $1.25.

Neutral presentation of articles by numerous authors interpreting Russia, describing the Soviet and American ways of life (including various aspects of labor), and criticizing the Soviet and American systems. All important shades of opinion are represented.

Quadripartite rule in Berlin. By Anne Whyte. (In International Affairs, New York, January 1947, pp. 30-41. $1.25.)

Describes the machinery and activities of the Allied Control Authority in Berlin during the first year of its existence. An appendix lists the legislative measures (some dealing with labor) of the Authority from August 1945 to August 1946.

Employment and Unemployment

Full employment and free enterprise. By John H. G. Pierson. Washington, American Council on Public Affairs, 1947. 183 pp. 82.50 (paper) or 3 (cloth).

Brings together papers which originally appeared as articles or pamphlets, or were presented as addresses during the war and reconversion periods, while the author was engaged in the analysis of postwar employment problems. The papers are mainly concerned with the role of fiscal policy in promoting full employment.

Nature and extent of frictional unemployment. Washington, U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1947. 10 pp: (Serial No. R. 1872; reprinted from Monthly Labor Review, January 1947.) Free.