against the Romish church, 272. Concurs with him in his intention
of reformation, ibid. Motives which checked him in this, ibid.
Escurial, palace of, built by Philip II. in memory of the battle of St
Quintin, vi, 466.
Europe, a short view of the state of, at the death of the emperor Maxi-
milian, v, 208. The contemporary monarchs of all, illustrious at
the time of Charles V. 234. The method of carrying on war in, hov
improved beyond the practice of earlier ages, 320. The sentiments of,
on Charles's treatment of the pope, v. 423. A review of the state of,
during the reign of the emperor Charles V, 501. The remarkable
change in, at this period, ibid. How affected by the revolt of Luther
against the church of Rome, 512.
Eutemi, king of Algiers, engages Barbarossa in his service, and is mur-
dered by him, vi, 37.
Excommunication in the Romish church, the original institution of, and
the use made of it, v, 264.
Farnese, Alexander, his unanimous election to the papacy, vi, 21. See
Paul III.
Cardinal, accompanies the troops sent by the pope to the empe-
ror, against the army of the Protestant league, vi, 213. Returns
disgusted, ibid. Leads the troops home again by the pope's order,
228. Contributes to the election of Cardinal di Monte to the papacy,
296.
Octavio, grandson of Pope Paul III. endeavours to surprise Par-
ma, and enters into treaty with the emperor, vi, 294. Is confirmed in
Parma, by Julius, 312. Procures an alliance with France, 314. Is
attacked by the imperialists, but successfully protected by the French,
315. Placentia restored to him by Philip II. of Spain, 469.
Peter Lewis, natural son of Pope Paul III. obtains of his father
the duchies of Parma and Placentia, vi, 179. His character, 274. Is
assassinated, 275.
Ferdinand, king of Aragon, how he acquired his kingdoms, v, 166. In-
vites his daughter Joanna, and her husband Philip, archduke of Aus-
tria, to Spain, ibid. Becomes jealous of Philip, 167. Carries on his
war with France vigorously, notwithstanding Philip's treaty with
Lewis, 168. His queen Isabella dies, and leaves him regent of Cas-
tile, under restrictions, 169. Resigns the kingdom of Castile, and is
acknowledged regent by the cortes, 170. His character, ibid. His
maxims of government odious to the Castilians, ibid. Required by
Philip to resign his regency, 171. Joanna's letter of consent procured
by him, intercepted by Philip, and herself confined, 172. Is deserted
by the Castilian nobility, ilid. Determines to exclude his daughter
from the succession by marrying, ibid. Marries Germaine de Foix,
niece to Lewis XII. of France, 173. A treaty between him and Phi-
lip at Salamanca, by which the regency of Castile is jointly vested in
them and Joanna, 174. Prevails on Henry VII. of England to detain
Philip for three months, when driven on that coast, 175. The Casti-
lians declare againt him, ibid. Resigns the regency of Castile by trea-
ty, ind. Interview between him and Philip, ibid. Is absent, at Na-
ples, when Philip died, 179. Returns, and gains, with the regency
of Castile, the good will of the natives by his prudent administration,
180. Acquires, by dishonourable means, the kingdom of Navarre,
181. How he destroyed his constitution, ibid. Endeavours to dimi-
nish his grandson Charles's power, by a will in favour of Ferdinand,
182. Alters his will in favour of Charles, ibid. Dies, ibid. Review
of his administration, 186. Ximenes appointed, by his will, regent of
Castile, until the arrival of Charles V. ibid.
Ferdinand, second son of Philip archduke of Austria, born, v. 168. Left
regent of Aragon by his grandfather Ferdinand, 182. This revoked
by a subsequent will, by which he obtains only a pension, ibid. Dis-
contented with his disappointment, he is taken to Madrid under the
eye of cardinal Ximenes, 189. Sent by Charles V. to visit their grand-
father Maximilian, 205. Is elected king of Hungary and Bohemia,
421. Signs a deed called the reverse, ioid. The emperor endeavours
to get him elected king of the Romans, vi. 8. He is opposed by the
Protestants, 9. Is crowned king of the Romans, 10. Forms a confe-
deracy against the Anabaptists at Munster, 29. Opposes the restora-
tion of Ulric duke of Wurtemburg, 32. Recognises his title, and con-
cludes a treaty with him, 33. His kingdom of Hungary wrested from
him by John Zapol Scæpius, 122. Besieges the young king Stephen
and his mother in Buda, but is defeated by the Turks, 125. His
mean offers of submission to the Porte, 126. Which are rejected,
ibid. Courts the favour of the Protestants, 153. Opens the diet at
Worms, 173. Requires it to submit to the decisions of the council of
Trent, 174. Agrees to pay a tribute to Solyman for Hungary, 175.
Encroaches on the liberties of Bohemia, 270. His rigorous treatment
of Prague, 271. Disarms the Bohemians, ibid. Obtains the sovereign-
ty of the city of Constance, 292. Invades Transylvania by invitation
of Martinuzzi, 325. Obtains the resignation of Transylvania from
Queen Isabella, 326. Orders Martinuzzi to be assasinated, 328. En-
ters into negociation with Maurice on behalf of the emperor, 359.
His motives for promoting the emperor's agreeing with Maurice, 352.
Isabella and her son Stephen recover possession of Transylvania, 380.
Opens a diet at Augsburg, and excites suspicions in the Protestants,
411. The emperor leaves the internal administration of German af-
fairs to him, 414. Is again applied to by the emperor to resign his
pretensions of succession to Philip, but refuses, ibid. Endeavours,
therefore, to gain the friendship of the diet, 415. Again refuses the
emperor's solicitations, 450. Charles resigns the Imperial crown to
him, ibid.
Assembles the college of electors at Francfort, which ac-
knowledges him emperor of Germany, 476. The pope refuses to ac-
knowledge him, ibid.
Feudal government, a view of, as it existed in Spain, v. 308.
Fiesco, count of Lavagna. See Lavagna.
Jerome, engages in his brother's conspiracy, and fails in securing
Andrew Doria, vi, 238. His imprudent vanity on his brother's death,
239. Shuts himself up in a fort on his estate, 240. Is reduced and
put to death, 245.
Flanders. See Netherlands.
Florence, the inhabitants of, revolt against Pope Clement VII. on the
news of his captivity, and recover their liberty, v. 425. Are reduced
to subjection to Alexander di Medici, by the emperor, 450. Alexander
di Medici, duke of, assassinated by his kinsman Lorenzo, vi, 81. Cos-
mo di Medici advanced to the sovereignty, ibid. Cosmo, supported by
the emperor, defeats the partizans of Lorenzo, 82. Cosmo, asserts
his independency on the emperor, 369.
Fonseca, Antonia de, commander in chief of the forces in Spain, ordered
by Cardinal Adrian to besiege the insurgents in Segovia, v. 307. Is de-
nied liberty of taking military stores, by the inhabitants of Medina del
Compo, ibid. Attacks and almost burns the whole town, ibid. Is re-
pulsed, ibid. His house at Valladolid burnt, ibid.
France, the acquisitions of that kingdem during the reign of the emper-
or Charles V, vi. 506. The character of the people of, 507. The good
consequences of the civil wars in that kingdom to the rest of Europe,
508.
Francis I, king of France, concludes a peace with Charles V. and the
conditions of the treaty, v. 199. Sends a fruitless embassy to Charles
for the restitution of Navarre to the young king, 206. Aspires to the
imperial crown at the death of Maximilian, 209. Reasons by which
he supported his pretensions, 210. Remarks on the equipages of his
ambassadors to the German states. 211. His pretensions adopted by
the Venetians, 212. Loses the election, 218. Rise of the rivalship
between him and Charles, 225. Courts the favour of Cardinal Wol-
sey, 230. Promises Wolsey his interest for the papacy, 232. Has an
interview with Henry VIII. of England, 233. Wrestles with Henry,
and throws him, ibid. note. His advantages over Charles, at the com-
mencement of hostilities between them, 279. Concludes an alliance
with the pope, 281. Invades and reduces Navarre, in the name of.
Henry d'Albert, son of John, the former king, 284. The French
driven out by the imprudence of l'Esparre their general, who is taken
prisoner by the Spaniards, 285. Retakes Mouson from the imperial-
ists, 287. Invades the Low Countries, but loses the opportunities of
success by imprudence, ibid. Rejects the demands of Charles at the
congress at Calais, 288. A league concluded between Charles and
Henry VIII. against him, 289. His imprudent appointment of the
Marechal de Foix to the government of Milan, 290. De Foix attacks
Reggio, but is repulsed by the governor Guicciardini the historian,
291. The pope declares against him, ilid. His embarrassments on
the invasion of Milan, 292. His mother seizes the money appointed
for payment of the Milanese troops, 293. Milan taken, and the French
driven out, 295. Levies a body of Swiss, 297. Who insist on giving
a precipitate battle to the imperialists, which is lost, 298. War de-
clared against him by Henry VIII. 299. His expedients to supply
his treasury, 300. The plan pursued by him to resist the incursions
of the English, 301. Picardy invaded by Henry, ibid. The Venetians
league with the emperor against him, 335. To which Pope Adrian
accedes, ibid. His expeditious movement against the Milanese, ibid.
Disconcerted by the duke of Bourbon's conspiracy, 336. Taxes him
with betraying his cause, which Bourbon denies, 339. Bourbon
escapes to Italy, and Francis returns, ibid, Appoints the Admiral
Bonnivet to command against the Milanese, 340. Picardy invaded by
the duke of Suffolk, who is driven back, 344. Repulses the invasion
of Guienne and Burgundy by Charles, ibid. His successful close of the
campaign, ibid. His prudent care to disappoint the imperialists in their
invasion of Provence, 358. Assembles an army, which causes the im-
perialists to retire from Marseilles, ibid. Determines to invade the Mila-
nese, 359. Appoints his mother Louise regent during his absence, 360.
Enters Milan, and takes possession of the city, ibid. Advised by Bon-
nivet to besiege Pavia, 362. His vigorous attacks on Pavia, ibid. Con-
cludes a treaty of neutrality with Pope Clement, 364. His imprudent
invasion of Naples, ibid. Resolves, by Bonivet's advice, to attack
Bourbon's army, advanced to the relief of Pavia, 366. Is routed at
the battle of Pavia, 367. Is taken prisoner, 368. Is sent to the castle
of Pizzitchitone under the custody of Don Ferdinand Alarçon, ibid.
-Refuses the propositions made to him by Charles, 376. is carried to
Spain on his desire of a personal interview with Charles, ibid. Is rigor-
ously treated in Spain, 382. Falls dangerously ill, 383. Is visited
by Charles, ibid. Resolves to resign his kingdom, 386. Is delivered
from his captivity by the treaty of Madrid, 387. His secret protesta-
tions against the validity of this treaty, 389. Marries the Queen of
Portugal, ibid. Recovers his liberty, and the dauphin and the duke of
Orleans delivered up hostages to Charles for the performance of the
treaty of Madrid, 390. Writes a letter of acknowledgment to Henry
VIII. of England, 399. His reply to the imperial ambassadors, ibid.
Enters into a league with the pope, the Venetians, and Sforza, against
Charles, 401. Is absolved from his oath to observe the treaty of
Madrid, ibid. His behaviour to the emperor's second embassy, 403.
Is dispirited by his former ill success, 404. Enters into a treaty with
Henry VIII. of England against the emperor, 424. Success of his ge-
neral, Lautrec, in Italy, 427. His reply to the emperor's overtures, 430.
Declares war against him, and challenges him to single combat, ibid.
Treats Andrew Doria ill, who revolts from him to the cmperor, 436, 437.
His army, under Saluces, driven out of Italy, 438. His troops in Milan
routed, 440. His endeavours towards an accommodation, ibid. Terms
of the peace of Cambray, concluded by the mediation of his mother
Louise and Margaret of Austria, 443. Remarks on the sacrifices made
by him in this treaty, and on his conduct of the war, ibid. Leagues
secretly with the protestant princes, ii. 11. His measures to elude the
treaty of Cambray, 17. His negociations with the pope, 45. His in-
terview and treaty with the pope, 19. Gives the duke of Orleans in
marriage to Catherine di Medici, ibid. Negociates a treaty with Francis
Sforza duke of Milan, 48. His envoy Merveille executed at Milan for
murder, 49. Is disappointed in his endeavours to negociate alliances
against the emperor, ibid. Invites Melancthon to Paris, 50. Evidences
his zeal for the Romish religion, 51. Causes of his quarrel with the
duke of Savoy, 53. Seizes the duke's territories, 54. His pretensions
to the duchy of Milan, on the death of Francis Sforza, 57. The em-
peror's invective against him before the pope in council, 59. Is invad-
ed by Charles, 63. His prudent plan of defence, 65. Joins the army
under Montmorency, 68. Death of the dauphin, 71. Obtains a decree
of the parliament of Paris against the emperor, 72. Invades the Low-
Countries, 73. A suspension of arms in Flanders, and how negociated,
74. A truce in Piedmont, ibid. Motives to these truces, ibid. Concludes
an alliance with Solyman the Magnificent, 75. Negociations for a peace
with the emperor, 76. Concludes a truce for ten years at Nice; 77.
Reflections on the war, ibid. His interview with Charles, 79. Marries
Mary of Guise to James V. of Scotland, 83. Refuses the offers of the,
deputies of Ghent, 97. Informs Charles of the offer made by them,
98. Grants the emperor leave to pass through France to the Nether-
Jands, 99. His reception of the emperor, 100. Is deceived by the
emperor in respect to Milan, 103. His ambassador to the Porte, Rin-
con, murdered by the imperial governor of the Milanese, 137. Prepares
to resent the injury, 138. Attacks the emperor with five armies, 139.
His first attempts rendered abortive by the imprudence of the duke of
Orleans, 140. Renews his negociations with sultan Solyman, 145. In-
vades the Low Countries, 147. Forces the emperor to raise the siege
of Landrecy, 148. Dismisses Barbarossa, 159. Gives the count d'En-
guien permission to engage Guasto, 160. Relieves Paris, in danger of
being surprised by the emperor, 166. Agrees to a separate peace with
Charles, 167. Henry's haughty return to his overtures of peace, 171.
Death of the duke of Orleans, 178. Peace of Campe, 205. Perceives
a necessity of checking the emperor's ambitious designs, 242. Forms
a general league against him, 243. Dies, 246. His life and character
summarily compared with those of Charles, ibid. Consequences of his
death, 249.
Francis II. his accession to the crown of France, and character, vi, 499.
Frankfort, the dict of, assembled for the choice of an emperor, at the
death of Maximilian, v, 214. Names and views of the electors, 214,
215. The empire offered to Frederick of Saxony, 215. Who rejects
it, with his reasons, 215, 216. Chooses Charles V. emperor, 218. His
confirmation of the Germanic privileges required and agreed to, ibid.
City of, embraces the reformed religion, 349. The college of electors
assembled there by Ferdinand, who is acknowledged emperor of Ger-
many, vi, 475.
Frederick, duke of Saxony, assembles with the other electors, at the
diet of Frankfort, to choose an emperor, v, 215. The empire
offered to him, ivid. Rejects it, and votes for Charles V. 215, 216.
Refuses the presents of the Spanish ambassadors, 216. This disinte
rested behaviour confirmed by the testimony of historians, 217, notc.
Chooses Martin Luther philosophical professor at his university of
Wirtemberg, 240. Encourages Luther in his opposition to indulgences,
241. Protects him against Cajetan, 247. Causes Luther to be seized
at his return from the diet of Worms, and conceals him at Wartburg,
277. Dies, 398.
Fregoso, the French ambassador to Venice, murdered by the Marquis del
Guasto, the imperial governor of the Milanese, vi, 137.
Fronsberg, George, a German nobleman, some account of; he joins the
army of Charles V. v, 408.
General of the Jesuits, an inquiry into his office and despotic authority,
vi, 107.
Geneva, an account of its revolt against the duke of Savoy, vi, 54.
Genoa, reduced by Lautrec, the French general, v, 427. The French
endeavour to prejudice its trade in favour of Savona, 436. Is
rescued from the French by Andrew Doria, 438. The government
of, settled by the disinterestedness of Doria, 439. The honour paid
to Doria's memory, 440. Is visited by the emperor, 448. A scheme
formed to overturn the constitution of, by Fiesco count of Lavagna,
232. He assembles his adherents, 234, The conspirators sally forth
from Lavagna's palace, 237. Deputics sent to know Lavagna's terms,
238. Lavagna drowned, ibid. The insurrection ruined by the im-
prudence of his brother Jerome Fiesco, ibid. The conspirators dis-
perse, 239. Jerome reduced and put to death, 245.
Germanado, an association in Valencia, so termed, on what occasion
formed, v, 328. Refuse to lay down their arms, 329. Their resent-
ment levelled at the nobility, who raise an army against them, ibid.
Defeat the nobles in several actions, 330. But are routed and dispersed
by them, ibid.
Germany, state of, at the death of the emperor Maximilian, v, 208.
Charles V. of Spain, and Francis I. of France, form pretensions to the
imperial crown, 209. Their respective reasons offered in favour of
their claims, 209, 210. Views and interests of the other European
states in relation to the competitors, 212. Henry VIII. of England
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