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Trenton. The College of New Jersey, at Princeton, ranks among the oldest institutions of the country [see AMERICAN EDUCATION]. Rutgers College, at New Brunswick, was chartered by King George III., and called Queen's College after his consort. Its scientific school constitutes the State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts, with a property valued at $292,200. Burlington College is a Protestant Episcopal institution, and Seton Hall, at South Orange, is under the control of the Roman Catholics. The Stevens Institute of Technology, at Hoboken, has an endowment of $650,000. Four schools of theology are in successful operation-viz., the Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church, at Princeton; Theological Seminary of the Reformed (Dutch) Church in America, at New Brunswick; Drew Theological Seminary (Methodist Episcopal), at Madison; and a German (Presbyterian) Theological Seminary, at Newark. New Jersey has no law or medical schools. There were, in 1870, 2413 libraries, 1402 religious organizations, having 1384 edifices, and 122 newspapers, 20 of which were published daily. In 1875 the whole number of newspapers and periodicals was 177, of which 23 were dailies.

Cities and Towns.-Trenton, the State capital, situated on the east bank of the Delaware River, is the seat of several State institutions already mentioned. It has very extensive potteries and iron mills and 5 daily papers. Population, 22,874. Newark, settled in May, 1666, by families from New Haven and Milford, Conn., had 4838 inhabitants in 1811, and 105,542 in 1870; the 'estimate for 1875 is not less than 125,000. It contains more than a thousand manufacturing establishments, employing nearly 30,000 hands and producing an annual value of $75,000,000. There are about 100 churches and 6 daily and 11 weekly newspapers. Newark is connected with New York by 3 railroads, over which are 215 trains daily. Jersey City had a population of 6856 in 1850, and 85,335 in 1870 (including Greenville, which was subsequently consolidated with it). It is the terminus of 6 great railway lines, and 300 passenger trains arrive and depart daily. The Cunard steamers have their docks at Jersey City. Five lines of steam-ferries connect it with New York. It has 60 churches and 3 daily newspapers. Paterson (population, 33,579), 17 miles from New York, at the falls of the Passaic, has 60 factories, 25 churches and 2 daily newspapers. Camden (population, 20,045 in 1870, and 33,966 in 1875), is on the east side of the Delaware River, opposite Philadelphia, with which it is connected by 5 steam-ferries. It is the terminus of 4 railroads and has large iron founderies and glassworks. Elizabeth (20,832) is the home of many New York business men. There are 123 passenger trains a day to and from the metropolis. Elizabethport is a great coaldistributing point and the location of the Singer sewing-machine works, which have 4 acres under roof. The city contains 75 miles of avenues; 400 dwellings have been erected in a single year. Orange, which

received a city charter in 1872, is situated at the base of Orange Mountain, 12 miles from New York. Within the limits of the original township there. are 6 railroad stations and 22 churches. Llewellyn Park contains 750 acres, and there are 10 miles of carriage roads. Population of the city, about 10,000. Rahway (6258) contains 10 churches; 47 passenger trains stop at its dépôts. Morristown (5674) has the house still standing which was General Washington's head-quarters. New Brunswick (15,058), on the banks of the Raritan, is the seat of Rutgers College. Other leading towns are Hoboken (20,297), Vineland (7029), Bridgeton (6830), Bordentown (6041), Burlington (5817), Plainfield (5095) and Princeton (3986). Long Branch, Cape May and Atlantic City are popular seaside resorts. It has been proposed to unite Jersey City, Newark, Elizabeth, etc., into a single city, containing 122 square miles (less than the area of Philadelphia), which would form a metropolis of 400,000 inhabitants. Between 1860 and 1870 New York city increased 14 per cent. and New Jersey 40

per cent.

Government and Laws.-The legislature is composed of 21 senators (one from each county) and a house of representatives, which cannot exceed 60. Members are paid $3 per day. The legislature is forbidden to grant divorces or to authorize lotteries. A salary of $5000 per annum is paid to the governor, who continues in office for three years. The chancellor, who presides over the court of errors and appeals, is elected for a term of 7 years, and receives a salary of $5500, besides fees. Aliens may hold real estate. This law was originally passed for the benefit of Joseph Bonaparte, the eldest brother of Napoleon, who had been made king of Spain in 1808. After the downfall of Napoleon I., Joseph Bonaparte sought an asylum in the United States, accompanied by his nephew Prince Murat, the son of Caroline Bonaparte and of the king of the Two Sicilies. Popular opinion credited them with the possession of enormous wealth. To enable aliens to hold real estate required a special act of the legislature. Pennsylvania refused to pass such an act, but New Jersey yielded, and the distinguished exiles made that State their home. They purchased a large tract of land at Bordentown, commanding a fine view of the Delaware River, and erected a magnificent mansion. Joseph assumed the title of Count de Survilliers, and lived in retirement until the year 1830, dispensing his money with a lavish hand. The Pennsylvanians, regretting when it was too late that they had not allowed the two foreigners to possess an estate within their own boundaries, charged the Jerseymen with importing a king from Spain to rule over them. Such is said to be the origin of the humorous taunt that New Jersey is "out of the Union."

History. On the 3d of September, 1609, the "Half Moon," commanded by Henry Hudson, cast anchor near Sandy Hook. On the 6th a boat sailed through "a narrow river" (the Kills) and saw an "open sea"

(Newark Bay). There were no permanent settlements during the continuance of the Dutch dominion, although in 1661 New Jersey was spoken of thus: "It is under the best clymate in the whole world; seed may bee thrown into the ground, except six weeks, all the yere long." Settlers from Long Island began a town near Newark in 1664. Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret purchased the claim of the Duke of York to these lands, and, as Sir George had been governor of the Island of Jersey, the name of New Jersey was given to his new possessions. His brother Philip Carteret was sent out from England as governor in 1665 and established himself at Elizabethtown, now Elizabeth. In July, 1673, the Dutch recaptured New York and claimed the whole province of New Jersey, to which they gave the name of Achter Kol. The following year Great Britain again obtained possession of it. In 1682 the whole territory was purchased by William Penn and other Quakers. William Temple Franklin, son of Benjamin Franklin, was the last royal governor. On the 2d day of July, 1776, New Jersey declared "all civil authority under the king to be at an end in this colony," and adopted a form of government by the people. William Livingston was elected governor. The first legislature met at Princeton in August, 1776. Several battles were fought on the soil of this State during the war for independence, of which the most noted were the battles of Trenton, Dec. 26, 1776 [see HISTORICAL SKETCH, page 101], Princeton, Jan. 3, 1777, and Monmouth Court-House, June 28, 1778. By a unanimous vote the Federal Constitution was ratified Dec. 18, 1787. The present State Constitution was adopted on the 13th of August, 1844. Various amendments to the Constitution proposed by the constitutional convention were approved by the legislature in 1875. By the provisions of these amendments the word "white" was stricken out of the article on suffrage and the word "male" was restored, thus disposing of the question of woman suffrage. Members of the legislature shall receive $500 annually, and no other allowance or emolument whatsoever. The legislature shall provide for an efficient system of free public schools for the instruction of all children in the State between the ages of five and eighteen years. Property shall be assessed for taxes under general laws and by uniform rules, according to its real value. Judges of the inferior courts shall be appointed by the governor. The amendments were submitted to the people at a general election held on Tuesday, Sept. 7, 1875. Considerable opposition was manifested in the eastern counties to the "Five County Act," taxing mortgages which had been heretofore exempt; but all of the amendments were adopted by a majority of from 10,000 to 30,000 votes.

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Engraved expressly for Burley's United States Centennial Gazetteer and Guide.

NEW YORK EXHIBITION, 1853.

HE New York Crystal Palace, in which this exhibition was held, was situated in Reservoir Square, and was designed by Messrs. Carstensen and Gildemeister. The main building was two stories high, the first story being in the form of an octagon, and the second in that of a Greek cross. In the centre was a dome 148 feet in height and 100 feet in diameter. The corners of the octagon were furnished with towers 70 feet high, each surmounted by a flag-staff, which added greatly to the lightness of their appearance. The area of the main building, including that of the galler-" ies, was 173,000 square feet, and there was an additional building with an area of 33,000 square feet. The whole structure was composed of 45,000 square feet of glass, in panes of 16 by 38 inches, 1200 tons of cast iron and 300 tons of wrought iron. It was destroyed by fire on the 5th of October, 1858. The exhibition was suggested, planned, pursued, completed and sustained by private enterprise. All that the government ever did for it was to say that the building should be considered as a bonded warehouse, and to write a few letters to foreign countries where the sanction and co-operation of governments are thought to be indispensably necessary to such an undertaking. There was much delay in the opening of the exhibition, the proposed time being the 2d of May, while the ceremony did not take place until the 14th of July. The capital of the stock. company which undertook the affair, and which sustained the pecuniary

loss which ensued, was limited by its charter to $300,000, and the cost of the building was restricted by the same instrument to $200,000. When the smallness of the amount invested is considered, the wonder is that so much was accomplished by the managers of the enterprise. Both the delay in opening the exhibition and the failure to realize the expenses are easily accounted for when all attendant circumstances are taken into consideration. The number of miles of railroad in operation in the whole country was not equal to the number of miles which can now be found in four or five of the Atlantic States. Visitors and articles from the Pacific coast had to undergo the tedious journey "across the plains," or the still more tedious voyage around the Horn, or the trip across the Isthmus of Panama, two years before the completion of the Panama railroad. San Francisco is now practically much nearer to the Atlantic coast than any portion of the State of Illinois was in the year 1853. Communication by mail was slow, and the mail service not very widely extended, the rate of three cents for a half ounce for any distance under 3000 miles, and the use of postage stamps having been but recently introduced. This was the first attempt to hold an international exhibition in the United States. The work was a new one, and it was difficult for the managers, the exhibitors or the general public to realize the magnitude of the undertaking and the great necessity of promptness in all the preparations. Still, it had its measure of success. The juries were selected with great care, and contained many men who had distinguished themselves by their attainments in the several branches in which they were called upon to exercise their discrimination, and some whose reputation for general culture was deserv edly high. Profs. Silliman, Dana and Porter of Yale College, Prof. Agassiz of Harvard, Profs. James C. Booth and Henry D. Rogers of Philadelphia, Profs. John W. Draper, James Renwick and E. Felix Foresti of New York, Profs. Joseph Henry and A. D. Bache of Washington; in the department of printing, stationery, etc., Messrs. Conger Sherman of Philadelphia, William H. Appleton and Robert Hoe of New York, also Richard Grant White; in the class of Fine Arts, etc., Prof. S. F. B. Morse, Charles A. Dana, then of the New York Tribune, now of the Sun, and the Hon. Edward Everett; in the department of tapestry, decorative furniture, marble ornaments, etc., John Sartain of Philadelphia and Prof. Van der Weyde of New York, such were some of the men to whom was entrusted the delicate and difficult task of deciding upon the merits of the various articles exhibited. This work was thoroughly performed. The members of the juries spent a great part of the day in taking copious notes concerning the hundreds of things in their bailiwicks; then a secret session was held, sometimes lasting for three hours or more, where the utmost latitude of debate was indulged in, every one being given a full opportunity for equal discussion.

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