channel has sixteen feet of water at low tide. Regular lines of steamers run to Savannah, Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York and Boston. Among the most noteworthy buildings are the new Custom-House, City Hall, Academy of Music and St. Michael's Church, erected in 1752. Manufacturing is carried on extensively. There were, at the last census, 224 factories, employing 2579 hands; value of products, $2,431,733. The principal articles were fertilizers, machinery, flour, tar, turpentine, etc. The ricemills are the most extensive in the country. Three railroads have their terminus at Charleston. The city has about 40 churches and 12 periodicals, 4 of which are issued daily. Population in 1870, 48,956, and estimated at 55,000 in 1875. Beaufort (population, 5511), on Port Royal Island, 16 miles from the ocean, has a fine harbor and is a popular place of summer resort. The other leading towns are Georgetown (3520), Pickensville (3164), Greenville (3135), which is the seat of several educational institutions, Baton Rouge (3098) and Abbeville (3034).

Population.-The number of inhabitants in 1790 was 249,073 (slaves, 107.094); 1800, 345,591 (slaves, 146,151); 1810, 415,115 (slaves, 196,365); 1820, 502,741 (slaves, 258,475); 1830, 581,185 (slaves, 315,401); 1840, 594,398 (slaves, 327,038); 1850, 668,507 (slaves, 384,984); 1860, 703,708 (slaves, 402,406); 1870, 705,606 (free colored, 415,814). Of the total population 8074 were born in foreign lands, and 697,532 in the United States, 678,708 of whom were natives of South Carolina and 18,824 of other parts of the Union; 246,066 native South Carolinians were residing in other States and Territories. The density of population was 20.75 to a square mile.

Government and Laws.-The legislature consists of 33 senators, elected for 4 years, and 124 representatives, elected for 2 years. The governor (salary, $3500 and a furnished house) and lieutenant-governor are chosen for a term of two years. Three judges, appointed by the General Assembly for 6 years each, constitute the supreme court. The chiefjustice is paid a salary of $4500, and the others $3500 each. There are two circuit courts, of which the court of common pleas has civil jurisdiction and the court of general sessions has criminal jurisdiction only. A court of probate is established in each county. Ministers of the gospel are ineligible to the legislature or to the office of governor or lieutenantgovernor. The State debt on the 31st of October, 1874, was $17,017,651.

History. In 1562 a party of French Huguenots built a fort upon an island in Port Royal Harbor and called it Carolina, in honor of Charles IX. of France. This colony was soon dispersed. The first permanent settlement was made by a company of English colonists, at Port Royal, in 1670. In 1685 a large company of French Huguenots established themselves in the State. The model Constitution prepared by John Locke was for a time the basis of government [see HISTORICAL SKETCH, page 95].

South Carolina bore an honorable part in the struggle for independence. The battles of Camden, King's Mountain, Cowpens, Eutaw Springs and others of lesser note were fought upon her soil. An incident from the life of Mrs. Rebecca Motte illustrates the spirit of patriotism which actuated the breasts of not a few. A British army occupied the mansion of Mrs. Motte. It was necessary that they should be dislodged, and the lady herself furnished Major-General Lee with the bow and arrows by which he threw combustibles upon the roof and drove out the enemy at the expense of burning her dwelling. The part which this State took in the beginning of the civil war is described elsewhere [see HISTORICAL SKETCH, page 137]. A new Constitution was ratified in 1868.

TENNESSEE.

Situation and Extent.-Tennessee is bounded on the N. by Kentucky and Virginia, S. E. by North Carolina, S. by Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi and W. by Arkansas and Missouri. It is situated between latitudes 35° and 36° 35′ and longitudes 4° 40′ and 13° 28′ W. from Washington, or 81° 40′ and 90° 28′ W. from Greenwich. The extreme length from east to west is 430 miles, the breadth from north to south 110 miles and the area 45,600 square miles, or 29,384,000 acres.

Physical Features.-Surface.-The State is divided by its geographical configuration into three sections, called respectively Eastern, Middle and Western Tennessee. Eastern Tennessee embraces the mountainous district extending from the Alleghanies, upon the North Carolina border, westward to the Cumberland Mountains. Between these ranges is the valley of the Tennessee, a region of very great beauty and fertility. Middle Tennessee extends from the west flank of the Cumberland Mountains to the Tennessee River, near the 88th parallel of longitude. This division, which includes 35 counties, has no very high mountains or hills, but is rolling and picturesque. Western Tennessee, comprising the district between the Tennessee and the Mississippi Rivers, is more nearly level, and contains large tracts of alluvial land. Numerous caves exist in Eastern Tennessee, some of which have been explored for a distance of several miles below the surface. Rivers.-The Mississippi River constitutes the western boundary for 160 miles. The Tennessee River, after its junction with the Clinch and the Holston, both rising in the mountains of Virginia, flows toward the south-west and makes a detour into Northern Alabama; then, re-entering Tennessee, it runs almost due north across the State, affording steamboat navigation for 200 miles. Its principal tributaries are the Elk, Duck, Sequatchie and Hiawassee. Discharging their waters into the Mississippi are the Wolf, Hatchie, Obion and Reelfoot Rivers, navigable for a short distance only. Every part of the State is abundantly watered. Forests.-Heavy growths of timber cover the mountains of the eastern

section. Among the most common trees are the sugar-maple, black-walnut, red cedar, poplar, juniper, hickory, oak, beech, locust, cypress, sycamore, cottonwood, haematac and pawpaw. Pine is very abundant.

Soil and Climate.-The eastern section rests upon a limestone formation, and the soil is calcareous. Very fertile lands are found in the valleys, and the mountain slopes admit of cultivation to some extent. As a grazing country this has great advantages. Middle Tennessee is a fine agricultural region, showing quite a variety of loamy soils, in which sometimes clay and sometimes sand predominates. The western section has a deep, rich, dark mould, producing very large crops of cotton, tobacco and all the leading grains and vegetables. Canebrakes grow to an enormous. size along the rivers. The isothermal lines crossing the State are: Spring, 55°-60°; summer, 72°-77°; autumn, 55°-60°; winter, 35°-40°; yearly mean, 60°. During the year ending Sept. 30, 1874, the mean temperature at Knoxville was 57.5°, and the maximum 99°. At Nashville the mean was 61.3°, and the maximum 106°; upon 63 days during June, July and August the mercury rose to 90°, and upon 7 days it reached 100°. At Memphis the thermometer indicated a temperature of 100° upon 4 days, and one day rose to 101.5°; the mean was 61.6 degrees. The rainfall at Memphis was 49.39 inches, at Nashville 59.76 inches and at Knoxville 63.50 inches.

Agricultural Productions.-The last Federal census reported 19,581,214 acres in farms, of which 6,843,278 acres were improved; average size of farms, 166 acres; value of farms, farm implements and livestock, $282,027,308; value of productions, $86,472,847. The production of cotton was 181,842 bales; of rice, 3399 pounds; of cane-sugar, 1410 hogsheads; of cane-molasses, 3629 gallons. In 1873, 3,385,984 acres were devoted to Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, potatoes, tobacco and hay, and the value of these crops was $41,372,410. In tobacco, Tennessee ranked next to Kentucky, Virginia and Ohio; seven States produced more Indian corn. In 1874 there were 302,900 horses, 103,200 mules (more than in any other State), 355,100 oxen and other cattle, 247,700 milch cows, 1,420,900 hogs and 350,000 sheep. Engaged in all classes of occupations there were 367,987 persons, of whom 267,020 (72.56 per cent.) were employed in agriculture.

Manufactures.-The number of manufacturing establishments was 5317; hands employed, 19,412; value of materials, $19,657,027; value of products, $34,362,636. The leading industries in value were: Flouringmill products, $5,666,698; lumber, sawed, $2,876,946; iron, pig, $1,147,707; printing and publishing, $1,022,600; cotton goods, $941,542; carriages and wagons, $938,647; leather, curried, $922,641; leather, tanned, $921,497; clothing, $597,607; lumber, planed, $525,750; copper, milled and smelted, $510,677; wool-carding and cloth-dressing, $491,847. The

numerous streams furnish abundant water-power for manufacturing purposes, which has been improved only to a small extent.

Mineral Resources.-Iron exists in three extensive belts, which stretch over 28 counties. Some of the ore yields from 40 to 50 per cent. of tough gray iron. Coal measures extend over 5100 square miles. Gold has been discovered in small quantities. Copper, lead, gypsum and marble are also found. There are sulphur and mineral springs in Eastern Tennessee. The value of the product of 22 mines, employing 1239 hands, in 1870, was $776,292.

Commerce and Navigation.-Memphis and Nashville are United States ports of delivery, but the foreign commerce is transacted principally through New Orleans, Mobile and Charleston. During the year ending June 30, 1874, eight vessels, all steamboats, were built. Sixtyeight vessels, having a tonnage of 10,916, belong to the ports of Tennessee. Railroads.—In 1848 there were 28 miles of railroad open for travel. A very extensive system of internal communication has been devised and partly completed by which Nashville, Memphis and Knoxville have railroad connections with every quarter of the State and of the Union. The statistics in 1873 were: Miles of railroad, 1620; cost per mile, $29,372; total capital account, $24,966,565; receipts, $4,451,517; receipts per mile, $5237; receipts to an inhabitant, $3.39; net earnings, $1,138,593.

Public Institutions and Education.-The Penitentiary at Nashville, which is conducted on the "silent system," contained 963 prisoners at the beginning of 1875. The State Hospital for the Insane and the Institution for the Blind are also at Nashville. Bills for the establishment of two additional hospitals for the insane have passed the legislature, and Knoxville has been selected as the site of the institution for Eastern Tennessee. A law providing for a general system of public schools was passed in March, 1873. These schools are declared free to all between the ages of six and eighteen years, provided that white and colored children. shall be taught in separate schools. The permanent fund is $2,512,500, the interest of which is distributed semi-annually among the counties of the State, according to school population. In 1874 the number of children was 418,185; schools organized, 4059; teachers licensed, 4680. Sixteen universities and colleges were reported, of which the University of Nashville, founded in 1785, is the oldest. Fisk University has college-grounds containing 25 acres, purchased with the funds obtained by the "Jubilee Singers." Vanderbilt University possesses an endowment of $500,000, the gift of Commodore Vanderbilt. For professional instruction there are 2 schools of theology, 1 of law, 3 of medicine and 1 of science. The lastnamed school is a department of Tennessee Agricultural College, at Knoxville, which has a property valued at $397,190. There were enumerated, in 1870, 3505 libraries, 987 religious organizations, having 918 edifices, and

91 newspapers; in 1875, 141 newspapers and periodicals were published, 9 of them daily.

Population. The number of inhabitants in 1790 was 35,791 (slaves, 3417); 1800, 105,602 (slaves, 13,584); 1810, 261,727 (slaves, 44,535); 1820, 422,813 (slaves, 80,107); 1830, 681,904 (slaves, 141,603); 1840, 829,210 (slaves, 183,059); 1850, 1,002,717 (slaves, 239,459); 1860, 1,109,847 (slaves, 275,784); 1870, 1,258,520 (free colored, 323,331). The foreign born numbered 19,316 and the native born, 1,239,204, of whom 1,029,134 had their birthplace in Tennessee and 210,070 in other parts of the Union; 402,215 native Tennesseeans were residing in other States and Territories. The density of population was 27.60 to a square mile.

Cities and Towns.-Nashville, the State capital, is situated on the Cumberland River, 200 miles from its confluence with the Ohio. The State-House, on Capitol Hill, which was erected at a cost of $1,000,000, has a tower 206 feet in height. Other fine edifices are the Court-House, Penitentiary, Market-House and the Asylums for the Blind and for the Insane. Nashville takes a high position as an educational centre, since it is the seat of four colleges-viz., Central Tennessee College, Fisk University, University of Nashville and Vanderbilt University. Connected with these also are various professional schools. Nashville is at the intersection of four railroads. The wholesale trade amounts to more than $50,000,000 a year. Flour-, saw- and planing-mills, tanneries, founderies, machineshops, paper-mills, etc., furnish employment to a large number of hands. Thirty-five churches represent all the leading denominations. The population of the city was 25,866 in 1870, and is estimated at 40,000 in 1875. "The Hermitage" of Andrew Jackson is about 12 miles distant from Nashville. Memphis, the largest city of Tennessee, is built upon the east bank of the Mississippi. Regular lines of steamers ply to the leading ports upon the river, and the wholesale trade is estimated at between 60 and 70 millions of dollars per year. The city contains very large mills for the manufacture of cotton-seed oil. There are 6 railroads, 5 daily and 9 weekly newspapers and about 50 churches. The population was 40,222 in 1870, and was estimated at from 60,000 to 65,000 in 1875. Knoxville carries on an extensive wholesale trade with the towns of Eastern Tennessee, with which it is connected by railroads radiating in four directions. It has 2 daily and 4 weekly newspapers. Population, 8682 in 1870, and now estimated at 11,000. Chattanooga, upon the Tennessee River, near the Georgia line, is an important shipping-point. It is not far from the base of Lookout Mountain and at the junction of 4 railroads. Three daily newspapers are published. Population, 6093 in 1870, and about 10,000 in 1875. The other leading towns are Murfreesboro' (3502), Clarksville (3200), Pulaski (3041), Columbia (2550), Gallatin (2123), Fayetteville (1206), Greeneville (1039).