fecisse dici, quod sensu caret. Hæc quidem ad noxalem pertinent actionem. the beast escaped. The word paupories denotes a damage, by which no injury is intended; for an animal, void of reason, cannot be said to have committed an injury.. Thus much as to noxal actions. De actione ædilitiâ, concurrente cum actione de pauperie. § I. Cæterum sciendum est, ædilitio edicto prohiberi nos canem, verrem, aprum, ursum, leonem, ibi habere, qua vulgò iter fit; et, si adversùs ea factum erit, et nocitum libero homini esse dicatur, quod bonum et æquum judici videtur, tanti dominus condemnetur; cæterarum verò rerum, quanti damnum datum sit, dupli. Præter has autem ædilitias actiones, et de pauperie locum habebit; nunquam enim actiones, præsertim pœnales, de eâdem re concurrentes, alia aliam con\ sumit. 1. It must be observed, that the edict of the Edile forbids any man to keepla dog, a boar, a bear, or a lion, where there is a public passage or highway: and, if this prohibition be disobeyed, and any freeman receive hurt, the master of the beast may be condemned at the discretion of the judge; yet, in other cases of damage, the condemnation must be in double the amount. Besides the Edilitian action, an action for damage, called pauperies, may also take place against the same person: for actions, especially penal actions, may concur on account of the same thing, without the one destroying the other. TITULUS DECIMUS. DE IIS, PER QUOS AGERE POSSUMUS. Per quos agere liceat. NUNC admonendi sumus, agere posse quemlibet hominem aut suo nomine aut alieno. Alieno, veluti procuratorio, tutorio, curatorio; cum olim in usu fuisset, alterius We must now remark, that any man may commence a suit, in his own name, or in that of another, as of a proctor, a tutor, or a curator; but anciently, one person could not nomine agi non posse, nisi pro populo, pro libertate, pro tutela. Præterea lege Hostiliâ permissum erat furti agere eorum nomine, qui apud hostes essent, aut reipublicæ causâ abessent, quivè in eorum cujus tutelâ essent. Sed, quia hoc non minimam incommoditatem habebat, quod alieno nomine neque agere, neque excipere actionem, licebat, cœperunt homines per procuratores litigare. Nam et morbus et ætas et necessaria peregrinatio, itemque allæ multæ causæ, sæpe hominibus impedimento sunt, quo minus rem suam ipsi exequi possint. sue in the name of another, unless in a public cause, in a cause to establish freedom, or, in a cause of tutelage. It was afterwards permitted by the law Hostilia, that an action of theft might be brought in the names of captives; or of persons absent upon the affairs of the republic; or who were under the care of tutors. But, as it was found in later times to be highly inconvenient, that any man should be prohibited, either from suing, or defending in the name of another, it by degrees became a practice to sue by proctors; for ill health, old age, the necessity of travelling, and many other cases, continually prevent mankind from being able to prosecute their own affairs in person. Quibus modis procurator constituatur. I. Procurator neque certis verbis, neque præsente semper adversario, imò et plerumque eo ignorante, constituitur: cuicunque enim permiseris rem tuam agere, aut defendere, is tuus procurator intelligitur. § 1. A proctor may be appointed without any certain form of words. nor is the presence of the adverse party required; indeed it is generally done without his knowledge. Whoever is employed to sue or to defend for another, is understood to be a proctor. Quibus modis tutores vel curatores constituuntur. II. Tutores et curatores quemadmodum constituantur, primo libro expositum est. 3. We have already explained in the first book, how tutors and cu rators may be appointed. : TITULUS UNDECIMUS. DE SATISDATIONIBUS. D. ii. T. 8. C. ii. T. 57. De judicio personali. SATISDATIONUM modus alius antiquitati placuit, alium novitas per usum amplexa est. Olim enim, si in rem agebatur, satisdare possessor compellebatur, ut, si victus esset, nec rem ipsam restitueret, nec litis æstimationem, potestas esset petitori aut cum eo agendi, aut cum fide-jussoribus ejus; quæ satisdatio appellatur judicatum solvi undè autem sic appelletur, facile est intelligere; namque stipulabatur quis, ut solveretur sibi, quod fuisset judicatum; multo magis is, qui in rem actione conveniebatur, satisdare cogebatur, si alieno * nomine judicium accipiebat. Ipse autem, qui in rem agebat, si suo nomine petebat, satisdare non cogebatur. Procurator vero, si in rem agebat, satisdare jubebatur, rem ratam dominum habiturum: periculum. enim erat, ne iterùm dominus de eâdem re experiretur. Tutores verò et curatores eodem modo, quo procuratores, satisdare debere, verba edicti faciebant. Sed aliquando his agentibus satisdatio remittebaHæc ita erant, si in rem age tur. batur. In taking security, the ancient practice differs from the modern; for merely in a real action, the defendant, in possession, was compelled to give security, so that, if he lost his cause, and could neither restore the thing itself, nor pay the value of it, the demandant might be enabled either to sue him, or his bail: and this species of bail is termed judicatum solvi: nor is it difficult to understand, why it is so called; for as every demandant stipulated, that the thing adjudged to him should be paid, it was still more reasonable, that the person sued in a real action should be obliged to give security, if he received judgment in the name of another. A plaintiff in a real action suing in his own name, was not called to give security: 'but a proctor was ördered to give security, that his acts. would be ratified by his principal, rem ratam dominum habiturum; for the danger was, lest the client should bring a fresh suit for the same thing; and by the words of the edict even tutors and curators were compellable to give security, as well as proctors, though it was sometimes remitted when they were plaintiffs. Such was the practice in real actions De judició personali. I. Si verò in personam, ab actoris quidem parte, eadem obtinebant, quæ diximus in actione, quâ in rem agitur; ab ejus verò parte, cum quo agitur, siquidem alieno nomine aliquis interveniret, omnimodo satisdaret; quia nemo defensor in alienâ re sinè satisdatione idoneus esse creditur. Quod si proprio nomine aliquis judicium accipiebat in personam, judicatum solvi satisdare non cogebatur. Jus novum. Sed hodie hæc aliter observanSivè enim quis in rem actione convenitur, sivè personali, suo nomine, nullam satisdationem pro litis æstimatione dare compellitur; sed pro suâ tantum personâ, quod in judicio permaneat usque ad terminum litis; vel committitur suæ promissioni cum jurejurando, quam juratoriam cautionem vocant; vel nudam promissionem, vel satisdationem, pro qualitate personæ suæ, dare compellitur. 1. The rules as to security, on part of the plaintiff, which were observed in real, obtained also in personal actions; and, if the defendant proceeded in another's name, he was obliged to give caution; for no one was reputed a competent defendant in the cause of another, unless security was given: but, whenever any man was convened in a personal action if the defendant stood suit in his own name he was not compelled to give bail judicatum solvi (i.e. fully to comply with the judgment of the court. De reo. § 2. But at present a different practice prevails; for, a defendant sued in his own name, either in a real or personal action, is not com~ pellable to give security for the payment of the estimation of the suit, but only for his own person; to wit, that he will remain in judgment until the cause is determined; and this security is sometimes given by sureties; sometimes by a promise upon oath, which is called a juratory caution; and sometimes by a simple promise without oath, according to the quality of the defendant. De procuratore actoris. III. Sin autem per procurato3. But, where a suit is comrem lis vel infertur vel suscipitur, in menced or defended by a proctor, if actoris quidem personâ, si non man- the proctor of the plaintiff, does not datum actis insinuatum est, vel præ- either enrol a mandate of appointsens dominus litis in judicio procu- ment in the acts of court, (that is, ratoris sui personam confirmaverit, file his power of attorney) or cause ratam rem dominum habiturum, satisdationem procurator dare compellitur: eodem observando et si tutor vel curator, vel aliæ tales personæ, quæ alienarum rerum gubernationem receperunt, litem quibus dam per alium inferunt. his client to nominate him publicly, he is obliged to give security, that his client will ratify his proceeding. Such is the rule also if a tutor, curator, or agent, commences suit by a proctor. De procuratore rei præsentis. IV. Si verò aliquis convenitur, siquidem præsens procuratorem dare paratus est, potest vel ipse in judicium venire, et sui procuratoris personam per judicatum solvi satisdationem solemni stipulatione firmare; vel extra judicium satisdationem exponere, per quam ipse sui procuratoris fidejussor existat pro omnibus judicatum solvi satisdationis clausulis : ubi et de hypotheca suarum rerum convenire compellitur, sivè m judicio promiserit, sivè extra judicium caverit, ut tam ipse quam hæredes ejus obligentur. Aliá insuper cautela, satisdatione propter personam ipsius exponenda, quod tempore sententiæ recitandæ in judicium veniet, vel, si non venerit, omnia dabit fidejussor quæ in condemnatione continentur, nisi fuerit provocatum. De procuratore V. Si verò reus præstò ex quacunque causâ non fuerit, et alius velit defensionem ejus subire, nuila differentia inter actiones in rem vel personales introducenda, pocest hoc facere ; ita tamen ut satisdnionem judicatum solvr pro litis æstimatione præstet. Nemo enim 4. When a party is sued, and is ready to nominate a proctor, he may appear in open court, and confirm the nomination by giving the caution judicatum solvi under the usual stipulation; or he may appear out of court, and become himself the surety, that his proctor will perform all the covenants in the instrument of caution; and whether this be done in court, or out of court, he must make his estate chargeable, that his heirs, as well as himself, may be bound. And a farther caution or security must be given, that he will either appear in person at the time of pronouncing sentence, or that his surety, in case of non-appearance, shall be bound to pay whatever the sentence exacts, if no appeal be interposed. rei absentis. § 5. When a defendant does not put in an appearance, then any other person, who is willing, may take upon himself the defence for him, and this may be done either in a real or personal action without distinction, if the caution judicatum solvi be entered into for the payment of the es |