apprehension in the summer of the following year—an army under General Bradstreet having subdued or overawed the enemy. During the war of the Revolution, the Indian tribes of the west, inflamed and excited by the representations and promises of British agents, proved formidable enemies to the colonists. The spring of 1781 was particularly disastrous to the interests of the settlers in Western Kentucky and upon the north-western frontier. Even after the conclusion of peace with England, and the establishment of American independence, Indian affairs continued for many years in an unsettled state. The minds of the savages were permanently alienated from the colonists, and murders and depredations were of constant occurrence. The first attempts to subdue them by force of arms were signally unsuccessful: the disastrous defeats of Harmar and St. Clair by the confederate tribes under Michikinaqua, or Little Turtle, gave convincing proof of the strength, courage, and sagacity of the undisciplined enemy. It was not until the autumn. of 1794, that an effectual blow was struck, and the the Indians crushed, by the army under General Wayne. power of After ten years of peace, a new champion arose in behalf of the humiliated race, in the person of Tecumseh, a noted warrior of a mixed parentage, his father being a Shawanee, while his mother belonged to one of the southern tribes. To his skill as a negotiator, and bravery as a warrior, Tecumseh was indebted for the personal influence which he was enabled so successfully to exert over the natives of the west; but the powerful aid of superstition was called in to give confidence to his followers. His brother, the Prophet, without openly disclosing his designs, commenced preaching to the Indians, in the year 1804, pointing out the causes which were operating to destroy their power and independence, and especially enforcing the necessity for union and sobriety. Carefully avoiding a rupture with the whites, he established himself, in 1807, upon the Tippecanoe river, in Northern Indiana, and collected about him a band of those devoted to his cause. New causes of complaint having arisen, in 1810, from the manner in which certain purchases of Indian land upon the Wabash had been negotiated by Governor Harrison, Tecumseh started for the South, and with astonishing success aroused a disaffection towards the United States' government among the southern Indian tribes. While he was still absent upon this mission, the disorderly and lawless conduct of the Indians at the Prophet's Town, was such as to call for active measures, and a force, under Harrison, was dispatched to dislodge them. The battle of Tippecanoe, desperately but unavailingly contested by the Indians, resulted in their defeat and dispersion. When war again broke out between the United States and England, the effects of Tecumseh's machinations were manifest throughout the whole western country. His perseverance, energy, talent, and zeal for the English cause, rendered him a most dangerous enemy. Upon the invasion of Canada by the American army, under General Harrison, in 1813, Tecumseh, with a strong body of his warriors, accompanied the British general, Proctor, in his flight up the Thames river. Choosing an advantageous position, not far from Moravian town, the combined English and Indian forces awaited the approach of the Americans. The celebrated battle of the Thames was fought upon the 5th of October (1813). After their white allies were completely routed, the Indians, protected by their position in a swamp, held their ground manfully until the death of their leader. The reverses of the English, and the loss of their great chief, completely changed the attitude of the North-western tribes. No further important hostilities occurred, prior to the difficulties connected with the removal of the Sacs in 1831-2; and a general readiness was exhibited to treat with the Americans as friends, or as superiors with whom it were hopeless further to contend. WILLIAM PENN, AND THE SETTLEMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA. CHAPTER I. EARLY LIFE OF PENN-HIS RELIGIOUS IMPRESSIONS-JOINS THE SECT OF IN pleasing contrast with the fierce and cruel adventurers, tne rapacious and unscrupulous speculators, and the zealous but illiberal sectarians, to whom, in so many instances, we owe the establishment of European colonies in America, stands the name of William Penn. Although he was by no means free from ordinary human weakness, the record of his life presents a series of conflicts between interest and principle, a general course of indomitable perseverance, a humane and generous sympathy with the oppressed, and a spirit of liberality in religion and politics so far in advance of his age, as to justify the eulogies which have ever been heaped upon him. William was the son of Admiral Sir William Penn, a name famous in the annals of naval warfare. He was born at London on the 14th of October, 1644. In early youth he experienced certain enthusiastic religious impressions, which gave color to the whole of his long and eventful life. When placed at the university of Oxford, at the age of fifteen, he came under the influence of the noted Thomas Loe, a preacher of the society of Quakers, and, with a number of other students, was in the habit of holding and attending private meetings for worship. A fine imposed by the collegiate authorities, for non-conformity, only roused an antagonistic spirit, which was |