tion relating to this subject that they may deem wise. At least one of said commissioners shall be a prominent representative of employers, and at least one of said commissioners shall be a prominent representative of employees. Said commissioners shall serve without pay and shall not be authorized to travel outside of the Commonwealth, but they may incur such expense for assistance or otherwise as may be allowed by the governor and council.

The commission shall report the result of its investigations to the general court on or before the fifteenth day of January in the year nineteen hundred and nine, together with such drafts of bills, if any, as may be necessary to carry its recommendations into effect. The total expense to be incurred under the provisions of this resolve shall not exceed twenty-five hundred dollars. Approved June 26, 1907.

The volume of labor legislation passed by the several States of the United States is so considerable that even in our present consideration of a single feature of such legislation the legal restrictions as to hours of employment - it has been found necessary to condense the statutory enactments within the fewest words possible, consistent with accuracy. For the full text of the laws, the reader must necessarily be referred to the Statutes themselves, the latest references to which are given in each case.

In cases where the laws have been amended and where the full text of the law is given in the amending act, the reference to the amending act only has been given. An attempt has been made to inIclude in this summary all State and Federal legislation of the character noted passed prior to January 1, 1908.1

In a large number of States legislation has been passed establishing eight hours of labor as a legal day's work and providing that wages shall be paid on this basis, except where otherwise stated in a contract or agreement between employer and employee. These laws have not been included in our summary, except in cases where such laws definitely restricted the day's labor to eight hours. In a majority of the States laws have been passed providing that children between certain specified ages (usually between 12 and 14 years) may not be employed during school hours, but as these laws do not definitely limit the number of hours per day or week, during which such children may work, it has seemed advisable to omit them

from this summary. Other laws providing that employers shall allow their employees sufficient time for voting, and still other laws relating to Sunday labor, have also been omitted for lack of space.

Alabama.

No child under 13 shall be employed or detained in any factory or manufacturing establishment between 7 P.M. and 6 A.M.; no child under 16 shall be so employed or detained between said hours for more than 48 hours a week; and no child under 12 shall be so employed or detained for more than 66 hours a week. (Code, 1896; Acts 1903, No. 57, § 3.)

No child under 14 shall be employed in or about any mill, factory, or manufacturing establishment more than 60 hours a week. No child under 16 shall be employed in or about any such establishments between 7 P.M. and 6 A.M., and no child over 16 and under 18 shall be so employed between said hours more than eight hours in any night. These provisions became effective January 1, 1908, and apply only to manufacturing establishments engaged in manufacturing or working in cotton, wool, clothing, tobacco, printing and binding, glass or any other kind of work that is injurious to health when carried on indoors. (1907, No. 776, §§ 2, 3, 13.)

Arizona.

The period of employment of workingmen in all underground mines or workings shall be eight hours a day, except in cases of emergency where life or property is in imminent danger. (1903, No. 8, § 1.)

No conductor, engineer, fireman, brakeman, telegraph operator, or other employee who has worked in his respective capacity for 16 consecutive hours shall be required to again go on duty until he shall have had at least nine hour's rest, except in case of casualty or actual necessity. (1903, No. 34, §1.)

Arkansas.

No child under 14 shall be employed or detained in any factory or manufacturing establishment between 7 P.M. and 6 A.M., or for more than 60 hours a week, or for more than 10 hours a day. (1907, No. 456, § 3.)

No person or company engaged in operating or constructing saw and planing mills shall exact more than 10 hours of labor a day from any employee, or discharge any employee because of his refusal or unwillingness to perform more than 10 hours of labor a day. Employers and employees may contract for a less number of hours for a day's work. (1905, No. 49, §§ 1, 3.)

No telegraph or telephone operator, leverman, or other person engaged in handling trains by the use of the telegraph or telephone, shall be permitted to remain on duty more than eight hours in 24 consecutive hours. (1907, No. 282, § 1.)

California.

No minor under 18 shall be employed in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment, or other place of labor more than nine hours a day except when necessary to make repairs to prevent the stoppage of the ordinary running of machinery, or to provide for a shorter day's work on one day of the week, the hours of labor in no case to exceed 54 a week. Minors under 16 shall not be employed between 10 P.M. and 6 A.M. in any mercantile establishment, office, laundry, manufacturing establishment, or workshop. (1905, c. 18, §§ 1, 2, as amended by 1907, c. 524, § 2.)

No laborer, workman, or mechanic shall be employed for more than eight hours a day upon any work for the State or any of its political divisions, except in cases of emergency. (1905, c. 505, § 1, amending Penal Code, § 653c.)

Twelve hours' labor constitutes a day's work on the part of drivers, conductors, and gripmen of street cars. Any contract for a greater number of hours' la

bor in one day shall be at the option of the employee, without regard to the terms of employment. (Political Code, Supp., 1889, § 3246.)

No employer shall cause any employee to work more than six days in seven, except in a case of emergency. (§ 653e added to Penal Code by c. 158, Acts, 1901.)

Every person employed in a sawmill, shake mill, shingle mill, or logging camp shall be allowed not less than one hour at noon for his midday meal. (1901, c. 60, § 1.)

No person shall engage in selling drugs or other medicines, or compounding physicians' prescriptions, in any place of business where drugs or medicines are sold, at retail, or where physicians' prescriptions are compounded, for more than an average of 10 hours a day or 60 hours a week of six consecutive calendar days, except in the case of emergency calls. (1907, c. 224, 2.)

Colorado.

No child of 16 or under shall be employed in any mill, factory, manufacturing establishment, shop or store, or in or about coal or other mines, or in any occupation which may be deemed unhealthful or dangerous, for a greater number than eight hours a day, except in cases of emergency, or during the week before and following Christmas, except that any child between 14 and 16 may be exempted from these provisions if the judge of the county court believes such exemption would be for the child's best interests. All paper mills, cotton mills, and factories where wearing apparel is made, ore reduction mills or smelters, factories, shops of all kinds and stores may be held to be unhealthful and dangerous occupations. (1903, c. 138, §§ 1, 2.)

No woman of 16 or over shall be required to work more than eight hours in the 24hour day in any mill, factory, manufacturing establishment, shop or store, where such work requires her to stand upon her feet. (1903, c. 138, § 3.)

Certain employments in mines, underground work, and about smelters and ore reduction works are declared to be dangerous and injurious to health, life and limb, and the period of work for all persons in such employments is limited to eight hours a day, except in cases of emergency. (1905, c. 119, § 1.)

No mechanic, workingman, or laborer shall be employed more than eight hours a day on work undertaken in behalf of the State, or any county, township, school district, municipality or incorporated town, except in emergency. In such case the excess over eight hours a day shall be treated as constituting part of a subsequent day's work, but such person shall not be permitted to work more than 48 hours a week. (1893, c. 113, as amended by 1894, c. 9.)

No conductor, engineer, fireman, brakeman, telegraph operator, or trainman who has worked in his respective capacity for 16 consecutive hours, except in case of casualty, shall be required to again go on duty until he shall have had at least 10 hours' rest. (1901, c. 89, § 1.)

Connecticut.

No minor under 16 and no woman shall be employed in any manufacturing, mechanical, or mercantile establishment more than 10 hours a day, except to make repairs to prevent the interruption of the ordinary running of machinery, or for the purpose of making a shorter day's work on one day of the week; but in no case shall the hours of labor exceed 58 in a week except under certain prescribed conditions. (1907, c. 251, § 1.)

Telegraph and telephone operators on the "block system" and all other persons whose duties pertain to the movement of cars, trains, etc., by use of the telegraph or telephone shall not be permitted to work more than eight hours in 24, except in case of emergency; in which case they may work not over 16 hours in 24. But persons employed at "one-man" stations, which are open only during the day time, may work not over 12 consecutive hours in 24, including one hour for a meal. (1907, c. 242.)

Delaware.

No child under 16 shall be employed in any manufacturing establishment for more than nine hours a day or 54 hours a week; every child so employed shall be entitled to not less than 30 minutes for meal time

at noon. These provisions do not apply to children engaged in canning or preserving fruits, vegetables, or provisions, in agriculture, or in the manufacture of fruit and berry baskets, or to any child under 16 who, in the opinion of the factory in

spector, is the sole means of support of a widowed mother. (1905, c. 123, §§ 3, 7, 8.)

Eight hours shall constitute a legal day's work for all classes of employees, laborers, workmen, or mechanics, employed by the Municipal Corporation of the City of Wilmington or by contractors on work in behalf of the city, except in cases of extraordinary emergency. (1903, c. 410, §§ 1, 2.)

Florida.

No child under 12 shall be permitted to work for wages, to whomsoever payable, more than nine hours a day or more than six days a week or between 9 P.M. and 6 A.M. This provision does not apply to children employed in household or agricultural work. (1907, c. 5686, No. 91, §§

3, 9.)

No railroad employee who is engaged in operating any train shall be required to make runs of over 13 hours, or aggregating more than 13 hours in 24, except when such train is detained by reason of casualty, or other cause, from reaching its destination on schedule time, and no conductor or engineer, after having been employed for 13 hours in 24, shall be required to again go on duty until after eight hours' rest, except in the case above stated. (1893, c. 4199, § 1.)

Georgia.

No person employed in any cotton or woolen manufacturing establishment, except engineers, firemen, watchmen, mechanics, teamsters, yard employees, clerical force, and such persons as may be needed to repair or alter machinery, shall be required to work more than 11 hours a day or 66 hours a week, except to make up lost time, not exceeding 10 days, caused by accidents or unavoidable circumstances. Persons under 21 may be employed in other manufacturing establishments or in machine shops only between sunrise and sunset, and they must be allowed the customary times for meals. All contracts in violation of these provisions shall be null and void. (Civil Code, 1895, Title 3, §§ 2615, 2616, 2619.)

No child under 14 shall be employed in or about any factory or manufacturing establishment between 7 P.M. and 6 A.M. (1906, No. 399, § 3.)

No railroad employee, who is engaged in operating any train, shall be permitted to make runs of over 13 hours, or aggregating

more than 13 hours in 24, except when such train is detained by reason of casualty, or other cause, from reaching its destination on schedule time; and no trainman, after having been on duty for 13 hours in 24 shall be required to again go on duty until after 10 hours' rest, except in the case above stated. (Civil Code, 1895, Title 2, § 2240.)

Hawaii.

Eight hours of actual service shall constitute a day's labor for all mechanics, clerks, laborers, and other persons employed upon any public work or in any public office, whether the work is done by contract or otherwise, except that five hours of actual service shall constitute a day's labor on Saturdays. (1907, No. 11, § 1.)

Idaho.

No person under 16 shall be employed or permitted to work at any gainful occupation more than 54 hours a week or more than nine hours a day or between 9 P.M. and 6 A.M. (1907, H. B. 134, § 4.)

Not more than eight hours' actual work shall constitute a lawful day's work for manual labor employed by the day on all State, county, and municipal works, whether done by contract or otherwise. (Political Code, 1901, c. 16, §§ 622, 623.)

No person shall be employed in underground mines, smelters, or other institutions for the reduction of ores and metals for more than eight hours in one day. (1907, No. 32.)

Illinois.

No child under 14 shall be employed for wages or other compensation at any work between 6 P.M. and 7 A.M., and no child shall be allowed to work more than eight hours in one day. (1903, p. 187, § 1.)

No persons under 16 shall be employed at any gainful occupation more than 48 hours in any week, nor more than eight hours in any day, nor between 7 P.M. and 7 A.M. (1903, p. 187, § 10.)

Indiana.

No child under 14 shall be employed in any manufacturing establishment more than eight hours a day. (1905, c. 169, § 629.)

No person under 16 and no female under 18 employed in any manufacturing or mer

cantile establishment, laundry, renovating works, bakery, or printing office shall be required to work more than 60 hours a week or more than 10 hours a day unless for the purpose of making a shorter day on the last day of the week, or more hours in any week than will make an average of 10 hours a day for the whole number of days worked. (St. 1894, Revision of 1901, § 7087a.)

No female shall be employed in any capacity for the purpose of manufacturing between 10 P.M. and 6 A.M. (St. 1894, Revision of 1901, § 7087c.)

Not less than 60 minutes for the noonday meal shall be allowed to employees in any manufacturing establishment, mine, quarry, laundry, renovating works, bakery, or printing office. (St. 1894, Revision of 1901, 7087k.)

No engineer, motorman, fireman, conductor, brakeman, switchman, or other employee engaged in the movement of passenger or freight trains, or electric cars, or in switching service in yards or railway stations, shall remain on duty more than 16 hours a day, unless in case of accident, wreck, or other unavoidable cause, without at least eight hours' rest and relief from all duty whatever. (1903, c. 46, § 1.)

No engineer, fireman, conductor, brakenian, switchman, telegraph operator, or other employee engaged in the movement of trains shall be required or permitted to remain on duty more than 16 consecutive hours, except when prevented by casualty from reaching his terminal; or be required or permitted to again go on duty after having worked 16 consecutive hours, without having had at least eight hours off duty, or to again go on duty after having worked 16 hours in the aggregate within 24 hours without having had at least eight hours off duty within such 24 hours. (1907, c. 131, § 1.)

Every Saturday after 12 M., beginning with the first Saturday in June and ending with the last Saturday in October, shall be a legal half-holiday for employees in State, county, city, and township offices situated in counties of which the county seat has a population of one hundred thousand or more persons. (1907, c. 294, § 2.)

Iowa.

No person under 16 shall be employed in any mine, manufacturing establishment,

factory, mill, shop, laundry, slaughterhouse, or packing house, or in any store or mercantile establishment where more than eight persons are employed, or in the operation of any freight or passenger elevator between 9 P.M. and 6 A.M.; if such person is employed exceeding five hours of each day, a noon intermission of not less than 30 minutes shall be given between 11 A.M. and 1 P.M.; such person shall not be employed more than 10 hours a day, exclusive of the noon intermission. These provisions shall not apply to persons employed in husking sheds or other places connected with canning factories where vegetables or grain are prepared for canning and in which no machinery is operated. (1906, c. 103, § 3.)

No person employed in the movement of trains shall be permitted to work more than 16 consecutive hours in 24, nor again go on duty after having worked 16 hours in 24 without having had 10 hours' rest. This provision does not apply to employees when safeguarding life or property or in cases of accident or to employees of sleeping-car companies. (1907, c. 103.)

Kansas.

Eight hours shall constitute a day's work for all laborers, workmen, mechanics, or other persons employed by or on behalf of the State, or any county, city, township, or other municipality, except in cases of extraordinary emergency, or in cases where it may be necessary to work more than eight hours in one calendar day for the protection of property or human life, but in all such excepted cases the persons so employed shall be paid on the basis of eight hours constituting a day's work. (Gen. St., 1901, c. 54a, § 3827.)

No conductor, engineer, fireman, brakeman, train dispatcher, telegraph operator, or trainman who has worked in his respective capacity for 16 consecutive hours shall continue on duty until he shall have had at least eight hours' rest, except in case of emergency or other unavoidable casualty, but this provision shall not prevent the crew of a train which contains live stock or perishable freight in carload lots from running to the next division point after the expiration of the time limit provided for, nor shall it apply to employees of sleeping-car companies, baggagemen, or express messengers. (1905, c. 342, § 1.)

No person employed in the movement of trains shall be employed more than 16 hours in 24 and no such person who has been on duty for 16 hours in 24 shall again go on duty without having had at least eight hours' rest, except in certain specified emergencies. (1907, c. 280, § 1.)

Kentucky.

No child under 16 shall be employed in any manufacturing establishment, mine, mill, or workshop more than 60 hours a week nor more than 10 hours a day, unless for the purpose of making a shorter workday on one day of the week, and in no case shall such child work in any such establishment between 7 P.M. and 6 A.M. (1906, c 52, § 1.)

Louisiana.

No child under 18 and no woman shall be employed in any factory, mill, warehouse, workshop, clothing, dressmaking, or millinery establishment, or any manufacturing establishment for more than an average of 10 hours a day, or 60 hours a week; at least one hour shall be allowed each day for dinner. These provisions do not apply to domestic or agricultural laborers or industries. (1906, No. 34, §§ 2, 11.)

Mercantile establishments shall allow clerks one hour, between 10 A.M. and 3 P.M., for their midday meal. (1904, No. 195, § 1.)

All females employed in retail stores shall be allowed not less than 30 minutes each day between 10 A.M. and 3 P.M. for lunch or recreation. (1900, No. 55, § 2.)

Ten hours' labor in 24 shall constitute a day's labor in the operation of all street railroads of whatever motive power, said 10 hours to be embraced within 12 consecutive hours. In case of accident, unavoidable delay, or emergency, extra labor may be permitted for extra compensation with the consent of the employee. (1886, No. 95, as amended by 1902, No. 122.)

Maine.

No female under 18, no male under 16, and no woman shall be employed in any manufacturing or mechanical establishment more than 10 hours a day, except when necessary to make repairs on machinery or for the purpose of making a shorter workday on one day of the week; in no case shall the hours of labor exceed 60 a week. Any male, 16 or over, may be employed more than 10 hours a day during minority,