$ 25.

III.-Government of Adjectives.

N.B. For Adjectives which require their complement with à or de, see §§ 11-19.

(a) En is required after Adjectives denoting Fulness, Abundance:-riche, fécond, fertile, abondant, fort, etc.; as, C'est un pays riche en blés, en vins, en sel.

Cet orateur est fort * en gueule.

* But in the sense of clever-Elle est très forte sur le piano. Être fort aux échecs.

(b) Envers is required by Adjectives denoting Feeling, Disposition:-bon, affable, charitable, généreux, juste, etc.; as, Il s'est montré libéral envers les gens de mérite.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

Résumé.

Personal Pronouns divided intʊ (I.) Conjunctive, and (II.) Disjunctive. I. Conjunctive Personal Pronouns, their position before or after the Verb

(a) used as Subject; (b) used as Object;

(c) when two of them (Dir. and Ind. Obj.), accompany a

Verb

(1) 1st and 2nd Person before the 3rd; (2) Direct Object in 3rd Person before Indirect Object in 3rd Person. Le used as (a) Conjunctive Pronoun; (b) as a Neutral Pronoun.

En and Y: General Rule.—Their origin and chief functions. Special Rules.-En used instead of (a) de là; (b) de lui, d'elle, etc.; (c) de ceci, de cela; (d) a Noun Partitive; (e) of a Possessive Adjective; En used (ƒ) idiomatically. Y used instead of (a) là ; (b) à lui, à elle, etc.; (c) à ceci, à cela; Y used (d) idiomatically.

II. Disjunctive Personal Pronouns, used—

(a) absolutely, (1) in answer to a question; (2) in comparisons; (3) before Relative Pronouns; (4) for emphasis; (5) as part of a Composite Subject;

(6) as Complements or Indirect Objects-(1) with Pre-
positions; (2) after c'est, ce sont; (3) as Remoter
Object of Reflexive Verbs.

Soi, Disjunctive form of the Reflexive Pronoun se-
(a) referring to an Indefinite Subject; (b) in contra-
distinction to lui.

§ 26. Personal Pronouns are subdivided into

(I.) Conjunctive Personal Pronouns, used in immediate connection with the Verb, either as Subject or Object:Sing.:-je, me; tu, te; il, le; elle, la;

plus om, vous ; ils, les; elles, les; }

se; en; y.

(II.) Disjunctive Personal Pronouns, used absolutely, i.e., standing alone or governed by a Preposition :moi, toi, lui, elle; nous, vous, eux, elles, soi.

I. Conjunctive Personal Pronouns.

§ 27. (a) Used as a Subject, a Conjunctive Personal Pronoun is placed before the Verb, except in (1) interrogative, (2) optative, (3) conditional, (4) parenthetical sentences, and (5) after the Adverbs aussi, accordingly; à peine, hardly, no sooner; au (du) moins, at least; à plus forte raison, so much the more; encore, besides, and yet; en vain, in vain; peut-être, perhaps; as,

(1) Quand viendrez-vous ?—Et votre ami, quand viendra-t-il ? (2) Dussé-je mourir ! (§ 79).

(3) Un homme vous flatte-t-il, ne vous y fiez pas.

(4) Cela, dit-il, est mon affaire.

(5) Ces étoffes sont belles, aussi coûtent-elles cher.

A peine eut-il prononcé ces paroles. Compare the English-Hardly had he; and hatte er.

German-Kaum

Obs. English Personal Pronouns of the 3rd Person often retain their original demonstrative character in which case they must be rendered by celui, ceux, celle(s), or an adequate Noun-equivalent :·

He who is contented is happy.
He with the cloven foot.

:

Celui qui est content est heureux.
L'homme au pied fourchu.

§ 28. (6) Used as Object, a Conjunctive Personal Pronoun

is placed―

(1) before the Verb, if this Verb is in any Mood save the Imperative used affirmatively.

(2) after the Verb, only if this Verb is in the Imperative used affirmatively.

Il me regarde. Ne me regarde

Regarde-moi.*

pas.

Elle se dépêche. Ne te dé- Dépêche-toi.*

pêche pas.

Dépêchons-nous.

Dépêchez-vous.

* Placed after the Verbs, me, te, are strengthened into moi, toi, except with en and y.

With Compound Tenses before the auxiliary Verb :

Observe also the Position of the Personal Pronoun in

(a) Interrogative Sentences :

Me regarde-t-il? or, Est-ce qu'il me regarde?

Cet homme me regarde-t-il? or, Est-ce que cet homme me regarde?

(B) Negative Sentences :

Il ne me regarde pas.

Elle ne m'a rien promis.

(7) Sentences both interrogative and negative:

Ne me regarde-t-il pas ? or, Est-ce qu'il ne me regarde pas ?

§ 29. (c) when both the Direct and Indirect Object of a Verb are Conjunctive Personal Pronouns, they both stand before the Verb, and in the following order :

(1) the 1st or 2nd Person before the 3rd Person; as,

me, nous,

te,

vous,

} before {le, la, lui, y, en.

les, leur,

(2) if both Pronouns are in the 3rd Person, then the

Indirect Object—

Direct Object-} before {lus, leur ; y; en.

le, la ; les,

The reflexive se, however, whether Direct or Indirect, always stands first.

Again, lui, leur, before y, en ; and y before en; always excepting with Verbs in the Imperative used affirmatively,

in which case the Direct Object of all persons precedes the Indirect Object.

The above Rules give the following combinations :

:

Obs. 1. When a Verb has for its completion an Infinitive with an Object-Pronoun, the Pronoun is placed

(1) before the Infinitive if the latter is reflexive and the first Verb is in a Compound tense; as,

Nous avons cru nous tromper,

(2) Before the first Verb if this Verb is one of the following :-faire, laisser, entendre, sentir, voir; as,

Je le lui ferai dire.

Nous le leur avons vu faire.

(3) Before either in all other cases; as,

Il vous ira voir bientôt ; or, Il ira vous voir

The usage in Modern French is in favour of the latter position.

§ 30. Le used in reference to an antecedent may be

(a) a Conjunctive Pronoun agreeing with its antecedent if the latter is a Noun or an Adjective used substantively; as,

Etes-vous la directrice de cette

école ?-Oui, je la suis. Sont-ce les délégués ?—Oui, ce

les sont.

(b) a Neutral (unchangeable) Pronoun, if its antecedent is an Adjective, a Noun used adjectively, or a Phrase; as,

Etes vous malade?— (Oui, je
Etes-vous directrice ?-le suis.
Ils ne sont pas habiles, mais
ils le deviendront.

* In this case le is often the exact equivalent to the English so.

Obs. Le frequently occurs redundantly in idiomatic phrases; as,

L'emporter sur, to get the better of.
Le céder à, to be inferior to.
La garder bonne à, to owe a grudge.
Se le tenir pour dit, to take the
hint.

La donner belle à..., to give...a fair

chance.

L'échapper belle, to have a narrow escape.

Compare-Avez-vous ces livres ?—Oui, je les ai, I have them.
Avez-vous des livres ?-Oui, j'en ai, I have some.

'En' and 'Y'.

§ 31. GENERAL RULE.-En and y, originally Adverbs (from Lat. inde and ibi), have gradually assumed the functions of Personal Pronouns (in the Genitive and Dative case): en instead of de lui, d'elle, d'eux, d'elles; de ceci, de cela, of him, of her, etc.; y instead of à lui, à elle, à eux, à elles; à ceci, à cela, to him, to her, etc., especially with reference to Things, though not unfrequently also with reference to Persons: