§ 41. Ceci, this, and cela (ça), that, are used to refer (a) to something pointed to, but not mentioned; as, Ceci est soie, cela est laine. (b) to a whole clause, either (cela); as, Dites ceci de ma part à votre This is silk, and that is wool. following (ceci), or preceding Tell this to your friend from me:-Let him keep quiet. You say he has left: how do you know that? Obs. Cela (ça) is also made to refer to persons, but then only familiarly or contemptuously : : Voyez comme cela s'amuse. Just see how those fellows (brats, etc.) amuse themselves. § 42. (a) celui, celle, this, that; the one; he, she,* ceux, celles, these, those; such; they,* are used with a Complement either a Genitive or a Relative clause; (b) celui (celle)-ci, this one,) (b) Ce plan-ci me plaît mieux que celui-là (no Complement following). *He, she, they, followed by a Relative Pronoun = celui qui, celle(s) qui, ceux qui. But celui-là est riche qui se contente de peu; because the Complement does not immediately follow. Obs. Referring to two different Antecedents in a preceding clauseCelui-ci denotes the latter; celui-là the former; as, Il faut employer différemment le jour et la nuit ; celle-ci au repos, celui-là au travail. RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. Résumé. Their Agreement.—Qui (a) without Preposition; (¿) with Preposition. Whose; used (a) with a Noun-Subject; (b) with a Noun-Object; (c) with a Noun governed by a Preposition. What; used (a) relatively or absolutely; (b) adjectively. Où used as a Relative Pronoun. Who?-Whom?-Whose? how rendered in French. Which? (a) adjectively. (b) substantively; (1) without Preposition; (2) with Prepositions; (3) standing alone. N.B.-In French' the Relative Pronoun is never omitted as in But in Case they depend on the construction of their own clause; as, Nom. :-Voilà l'élève qui a remporté le prix. Acc. Voilà l'élève que j'ai récompensé; etc. That is the pupil who carried off the prize. That is the pupil whom 1 rewarded; etc. $ 44. Qui, que, dont, who, which, that, used for both Genders and Numbers, may, if not governed by a Preposition, refer to Things as well as to Persons; but, after a Preposition duquel, auquel, pour lequel, etc., must be used instead of—de qui, à qui, pour qui, etc., when the Antecedent is a Thing; as, * dont j'ai oublié La chose le nom. L'homme de qui (duquel) † je La chose de laquelle je parle. . L'homme pour qui (pour La cause pour laquelle je travaille. Dont, originally an Adverb (Lat. de-unde), has, like en, y, and où, become a Pronoun, and is used like en (§ 32), after any Verb or Adjective requiring de; as, Je me souviens de lui. Je m'en souviens. L'ami dont je me souviens: Je suis satisfait de ce travail. J'en suis satisfait. Le travail dont je suis satisfait. + Lequel, in the Nominative or Accusative, is, as a rule, used only to avoid ambiguity; as, Un homme s'est levé au milieu de l'assemblée, lequel a parlé d'une manière extravagante. $45. Whose calls for several observations : (a) The man whose house (Subj.) was sold. (b) The man whose house (Obj.) I bought. (c) The man for whose house I offered a high price. L'homme dont la maison fut L'homme dont j'ai acheté la pour la maison duquel j'offris un haut prix. (a) The Noun on which dont depends retains the Definite Article. (b) The Noun-Object on which dont depends retains, contrary to English usage, its normal place after the Verbs. (c) Duquel, de laquelle, etc., instead of dont, must be used if the Noun on which the Relative Pronoun depends is governed by a Preposition. Obs. Qui is often used absolutely; as, Qui m'aime me suive. Aimez qui vous aime. Ils se sont dispersés, qui d'un côté, qui d'un autre. * Let those who love me follow me. They dispersed, some in one direc- § 46. What, that which, used relatively or absolutely is rendered thus: Obs. 1. Ce que is also used as a Predicative Complement; as, Je sais ce que je suis, je sais ce que vous êtes. Obs. 2. Which, referring to a whole sentence, is also rendered by ce qui (que), ce dont, quoi; as, Il a réussi enfin, ce qui m'étonne beaucoup. Il a manqué son ami, en quoi il est doublement coupable. Obs. 3. As a Relative or Interrogative Pronoun que is always used without, quoi with, a Preposition (or standing alone); as, Now. (as a Complement only):- Gen.) referring to Dat. ce, voici, voilà, rien.):— Coquin que vous êtes. Il n'y a rien de quoi il ne soit Voici à quoi vous êtes réduit. Before an Infinitive use que-Je ne sais pas que faire. § 47. Où (Lat. ubi), is frequently and elegantly used as a Relative Pronoun, referring to both time and place—when? where? whither? as, Le temps où nous vivons. Le champ où il s'arrêta. Le lieu où il va. Je ne sais d'où il vient. C'est un procès d'où dépend ma fortune. The times we live in. The field in which he stopped. The place he is going to. I do not know where he comes from. It is a law-suit on which my fortune depends. N.B.-Though the Interrogative Pronouns have been fully treated in the Second Year, we subjoin here, for the sake of reference in the work of composition, a table of English Interrogatives with their French equivalents:: |