another army in the same place which took the trouble to drain the camp, to cover stagnant pools with oil and to protect its men against the mosquito and to give them quinine, only 3 per cent of the officers and 6 per cent of the men were attacked.

Much good health literature for children has appeared in the last few years, but it has not yet found its proper place in the schools. If only we can get the children in our schools interested in these great public health problems, it is not going to be difficult to secure adequate health legislation or public support for the enforcement of any advanced health measures which may in the future become necessary. The older children in our schools will very soon form our voting population, and their education along the lines suggested cannot be too seriously taken, if we are to have a public intelligent in these health matters.

The other phase of health instruction is that which might, in contrast with the foregoing, be termed private or personal health. It is to be carried on along quite different lines from those employed in instruction in public health. It should be begun with little children of eight or nine. Here the chief purpose should be to stimulate the formation of good health habits; the aim, to rouse to action, not simply to impart information. For this end only such knowledge of the functions and needs of the body is required as to make the child understand what is necessary for its protection and care, or enough to form the basis of good health habits. The child can easily learn the essential needs of his body-proper food, cleanliness, fresh air, exercise, rest, etc.; also the things that do harm-improper food, decayed teeth, excess in eating or drinking, lack of proper sleep, the use of tea or coffee, alcohol, drugs, and, finally, how the body may in some measure be protected against infection.

Methods of Arousing Interest Nothing is accomplished by lecturing to children. Our purpose is not to teach children rules, but to make them form habits. We must carry our point by indirection. We can no more make children healthy by telling them that is what we are setting out to do, than we can improve the morals of a community by announcing that we have come into their neighborhood to do them

good. It is self-evident that before children can be influenced they must be interested, and to arouse the interest of children in health matters is one of the objects for which the Child Health Organization was formed and for which it is conducting a national campaign.

Children love to wear badges, to belong to a club; and the organization in schools of "health leagues" and "modern health crusades," in which children are banded together to observe such rules as we have indicated, has aroused much interest in many parts of the United States.

Group competition based upon weight and height has been found to be one of the most valuable means of stimulating interest in health. Scales should be in every school, so that every child is weighed and measured at the beginning of the school year and weighed monthly thereafter. Weights are entered on a large record sheet in the schoolroom by the child himself. One who is far below weight or who fails to make the normal gain per month is losing in the health game. If losing, he is not following the rules. Which one is he breaking? The one relating to food, to hours of sleep, tea and coffee or what? Now is the occasion to stress the health rules. As these records of health progress go home to the mother, her interest is soon awakened, and coöperation can, with a little difficulty, be secured. It is astonishing how much influence the idea of competition in health has upon a child's mind. Other useful measures are health pictures and posters-they must be good ones, however; some the children can make themselves, which gives an added interest.

Mrs. Frederick Peterson, of New York, has written some health rhymes which appeal strongly to many children, especially when accompanied by appropriate pictures. For example:

"There was a boy in our town whose mother was not wise.

Coffee and tea he used to get, and grew up under-size:

But when he failed the football team because his size was small,

He cut out both and took to milk and grew up very tall!"

The teaching of health as we have considered it is something quite different from the teaching of physiology or physical edu

cation, tho it should be closely tied up with both of them. All of us as children probably studied physiology in school, but how much did it modify our health habits during school life or afterwards? It was not connected with practical life and has influenced our health habits no more than the study of botany; as an aid in improving or maintaining health, it might as well have been omitted altogether. The same may be said of much of the instruction in physical education that is given at the present time. It is not brought into close vital connection with the child's life, as it might be, and consequently a large part of the value of instruction in the subject is lost. In a similar way schools not infrequently offer attracfive school lunches, but entirely miss the educational opportunity which the lunch affords for teaching such important practical lessons as food values and food costs.

Let us, then, endeavor to concentrate upon the health teaching in the schools; teach health in all schools as universally as reading and writing; see to it that time is given each day for some health lesson; that the teachers themselves are prepared to teach health, and that they understand and appreciate not only the importance and

the value of health, but the great opportunity which the school offers to influence the children to form good health habits.

Of course such teaching as I have suggested is only part of the problem. This work must be supplemented by the work of school physicians and nurses, by whom defects which interfere with proper growth and development are recognized and removed. We cannot too strongly emphasize the value of and the necessity for proper medical school inspection; but it must be thoro and regular. One complete medical examination a year for each child should be the minimum. A medical examination which is concerned chiefly or solely with such defects as tonsils, adenoids, teeth, etc., and ignores the condition of the child's nutrition and his rate of growth, has failed, I believe, in its main purpose.

Health teaching in the schools such as has been suggested in this paper, especially when accompanied by records of weight and height, furnishes a fundamental basis for medical examinations, the meaning of which even the pupils can now appreciate. Health teaching is, therefore, the very first step in the solution of the health problem of the school child.

JANUARY 19.-NEW YORK CITY.

American Institute of Consulting Engineers. Annual meeting. Secretary, F. A. Molitor, 35 Nassau Street, New York City.

JANUARY 21-22.-NEW YORK CITY

American Society of Civil Engineers. Annual meeting. Secretary, Charles Warren Hunt, 33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City. JANUARY 27-29.-NEW YORK CITY

American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers. Annual meeting. Secretary, Casin W. Obert, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City.

JANUARY 28.-CHICAGO, ILL.

Western Society of Engineers. Annual meeting. Secretary, Edgar S. Nethercut, 1735 Monadnock Block, Chicago, Ill.

FEBRUARY 9-13.-LOUISVILLE, KY.

American Road Builders' Association. Annaul convention. Secretary, E. L. Powers, 150 Nassau Street, New York City.

FEBRUARY 16-18.-LONDON, ENG.

International Garden Cities and Town Planning Association. Annual meeting. Hon. Secretary, C. B. Purdon, 3 Grays Inn Place, London, W. C., Eng.

FEBRUARY 19-21.-CHICAGO, ILL.

National Society for Vocational Education. Annual convention. President, David Snedden, Teachers College, New York City.

FEBRUARY 20-21.-CHICAGO, ILL.

American Concrete Pipe Association. Annual convention. Secretary, G. E. Warren, 210 South LaSalle Street, Chicago, Ill.

MAYORS

Municipal Fuel Plant Proves
Valuable

EAU CLAIRE, WIS.-The municipal fuel plant of the city of Eau Claire has been in operation for the last two years and has proved its value to the city. It was provided for by a bond issue which received popular endorsement. Prior to the building of the coal sheds, which are of the latest type, and the installation of scales and other up-to-date equipment, coal was unloaded directly from the cars, thus eliminating an extra item of cost in the price of such fuel to the consumer. This method, while it had some advantages, had also obvious disadvantages in the limitation of the amount of coal that could be kept on hand, a limitation which is removed by the pres

ent arrangement. Up to this time the city has not handled wood, but it is possible that this may be undertaken during the coming winter. At present only standard grades of anthracite and bituminous coal are handled. The volume of business has increased constantly since the establishment of the municipal plant. The management of the plant has been delegated to a member of the Commission, but it is anticipated that it may be necessary later, with the increase in business, to appoint a manager.

During the coal shortage of two winters ago the municipal plant gave relief in numberless cases where local fuel dealers could not supply the demand. The plant is favorably located for traffic, and its successful operation, the gross tonnage of coal handled, the volume of business done and the net profit for the winters of 1917-18 and 1918-19 were as follows:

1917-18, 1,500 tons; profit, $700. 1918-19, 1,600 tons; profit, $770.

JOHN E. BARRON,

Mayor.

CITY MANAGERS

Greater Departmental Efficiency Under City Manager Plan ELIZABETH CITY, N. C.-Since July 1, 1919, when the present city manager of Elizabeth City took office, numerous forward steps have been taken, some of which are worth noting.

The pay of the police has been raised 33 per cent, and the men now have to furnish regulation uniforms modeled after our own specifications. Standard firearms have been purchased by the city for the use of police officers. An officer is kept on duty at police headquarters all night to handle telephone calls. This may sound odd to the officials of large cities, but in a small community it marks the beginning of twenty-four-hour police service and means that the police chief will not be called at his home at all hours of the night.

Rooms have just been completed for the drivers of motor fire trucks adjacent to their apparatus-a much needed improvement which makes possible prompt response to alarms. We have also recently installed an electric siren to replace the old court house bell as a means of sounding alarms.

A new general sanitary ordinance is being compiled providing for strict supervision of the production and sale of milk. The day of the one-cow stable is nearly over. Sanitary features of the new ordinance will force many of the old unsanitary stables out of business and make possible a reduction in the infant mortality rate. The new privy law of the state which went into effect October I is already yielding results in the number of applications for connections with the city sewer system which was authorized by a recent ordinance compelling all buildings on sewer lines to connect. This will also permit the closing of the drainage canals and the proper surfacing of the streets along which they formerly ran..

All the twenty-four stalls of the market house are now rented from September 1, yielding an annual income to the city of $9.012; twelve of the stalls are equipped with large Ottenheimer refrigerator meat

boxes, kept cold by the ammonia system operated by our own machines. Goodquality ice boxes have been provided for the fish stalls. Each is sufficient in size to ice three barrels of fish. The lighting system has been improved, a concrete walk laid on two sides of the building and a wooden walk constructed on the third side for the use of the fish dealers. Plans have also been prepared for the paving of the streets near the market house, so that space can be rented to hucksters.

The Street Department now does all the street repair and general maintenance work. Pending the construction of the sewerage system, drainage canals and ditches have been cleaned, and property owners are required to cut weeds on vacant lots. One man is kept on duty at the department stable and is made responsible for the feeding of the horses, thereby saving considerable feed that was wasted when each man fed his own horse. Feed is now purchased on monthly sealed bids from local dealers, with resulting economy.

The Sanitary Department has been enlarged and now takes care of all night soil, garbage and swill, trash and street cleaning. Garbage and swill are collected over the entire city daily by automobile and disposed of by feeding to hogs. To take advantage of this daily collection, householders must have the refuse in covered receptacles on or near the sidewalk line.

Elizabeth City has not taken any very long forward steps as yet, but is learning how to walk straight and steadily. F. W. SIMONDS, City Manager.

special feature to cover conditions peculiar to Louisville, namely, a suction arrangement for readily taking water from either cisterns or hydrants. For pumping from cisterns, of which there are many in the district which is covered by this engine, two 41⁄2inch suctions with strainers attached are carried, always connected to two swivel elbows with integral gate valves. For ordinary work one suction is used. Should the

full capacity of the engine be required, the second suction is dropped into the cistern and the second gate valve opened. There is a third inlet to the pump for use in taking water from a hydrant. When this 6-inch soft suction is used, the gate valves to the other suctions are closed. This arrangement makes it equally con

TWELVE 4-INCH STREAMS BEING THROWN AT ONE TIME BY LOUISVILLE'S NEW MOTOR PUMPER

venient to take water either from cisterns or from hydrants without the loss of time caused by connecting suctions and changing from hydrant to strainer connection.

The weight of the engine, fully equipped, with deluge set, nozzles, six special hose adapters, door opener, axes, all necessary wrenches, 600 feet of 22-inch and 500 feet of 3-inch hose, and six men, is 16,545 pounds. This engine, which is intended for heavy duty in the high-value and congested district in the city, can do the work of three ordinary steamers. It can supply the water tower with its two 134-inch nozzles, two 134-inch deluge sets, and can easily handle four 14-inch streams or twelve 3/4-inch streams. It has taken the place of a double extra first-size Metropolitan steamer and a large combination chemical engine and hose wagon and five horses, with a difference in cost of up-keep of about $98 per month.

In a recent test, in the presence of the Mayor and the Board of Safety, at the Inter-Southern Building, which is twentytwo stories in height, it sent a 2-inch stream to the top of the building, then a 134-inch stream II feet over the top of the cornice.

Two 21⁄2-inch lines of 150 feet each were then attached to the the stand-pipe on the building, and a 150-foot line of 21⁄2-inch hose from the top of the stand-pipe was carried to the roof. With a 14-inch nozzle a stream was sent to the roof of the Court House 250 feet away. A nozzle pressure of 105 pounds was easily maintained. This is a particularly valu