ABRAM and Lot, their separation, an illustration of the cause which overspread the whole earth with people, i. 111.
ABYSSINIA; state of, with respect to the checks to population, i. 187,
AFRICA, of the checks to population in different parts of, i. 173. Great disposition of the country to population in general, i. 173. This counterbalanced by the habits of the Negro nations. See the article Negro. State of Abyssinia, i. 187, 188. Of Egypt, i. 193. AGows, an Abyssinian nation, dreadful misery and penury in, i. 186. AGRICULTURE, very great encouragements given to it in China, i. 248 -250. Powerful effect of these, i. 251, 253. Is the sole species of in- dustry by which multitudes can exist, i. 275, 276. In France, rather increased than diminished during the revolution, i. 434. Statements respecting the present condition of it in that country, i. 448. Process- es for abridging agricultural labor, tend rather to diminish than in- crease the whole produce, ii. 203. Of the definition of wealth; and of the agricultural and commercial systems, ii. 206. Consequences of defining wealth as the gross produce of the land, ii. 206. As the an- nual produce of the land and labor (Dr. Smith's definition,) ii. 206. As the clear surplus produce of the land, ii. 206. The surplus pro- duce of the cultivators, the great fund which ultimately pays all who are not employed upon the land, ii. 207. Different effect of a clear. monied revenue arising from manufactures of the same extent, ii. 209. Manufactures, according to the Economists, an object on which re- venue is spent, and not part of the revenue itself, ii. 210. Commerce and manufactures rather the consequences than the causes of the wealth of England, ii. 212. Their effect in encouraging the improve- ment of the land, or otherwise, ii. 213. Effect of a redundancy of com- mercial capital in this point, ii. 215. Our commerce has not done so much for our agriculture, as our agriculture has done for our commerce, ii. 218. Different effects of the agricultural and commercial systems, ii. 220. State of England with respect to agriculture and commerce in the middle of the last century, ii. 220. Now disadvatageously changed for the predominance of the commercial system, ii. 221. Price of labor considered, on this subject, ii. 222. Different effects of the high price of corn and of rude produce, as occasioned by competition among different nations, or by that of monied weal h at home, ii. 224. To endeavor to lower the price of labor by encouraging the importa- tion of foreign corn, would aggravate the evil, ii. 225. Precarious state of a nation depending for a considerable part of its supply of corn upon its poorer neighbors, ii. 226. Opposite condition of one in
which agricultural wealth predominates, ii. 227. No branch of trade more profitable than the sale of rude produce, ii. 228. Different circumstances of two countries; one exporting manufactures and im- porting corn, and the other pursuing a contrary course, ii. 228. Four very strong reasons why the exportation of corn is to be preferred to any other kind of export, ii. 230. If a bounty would turn a nation from the habit of importing corn to that of exporting it, such a mea- sure is justifiable, (See further the article Bounties), ii. 233. See also the article Plenty.
AMERICA, period in which population has doubled itself in the northern States of, i. 6. In the back settlements, i. 6. Very rapid increase of the English colonies, ii. 53, 54. Actual population of the United States, ii. 56. Hardships experienced in the first settlement of some of the English colonies, ii. 134-136. See also the article Indians. ANCIENT or modern nations, question of the superior populousness of, i. 300-305.
ANDERSON, Mr.; his erroneous proposition, that every increase of po- pulation tends to increase relative plenty, and vice versa, ii. 280, note. ARABIA FELIX, practice and effect of polygamy in, i. 183.
ARABS. See the article Bedoweens.
ARDOUR, want of, in the men, generated by the hardships and dangers of savage life, i. 44.
ARISTOTLE saw clearly the strong tendency of population to increasë beyond the means of subsistence; methods proposed by him as re- sources for its redundance, i. 283, 286. By limiting the age of mar- riage, the number of children born, and the period of procreating, i. 283. His farther observations on the necessity of regulating the num- ber of children, i. 284, 285. Points out an error in the measures taken to increase the population of Sparta, i. 286.
ASIA, checks to population among the modern pastoral tribes of, (See the article Tartars), i. 144. Enumeration of checks, i. 171. AUGSBURGH, proportion of its annual marriages to its population, i. 382.
BANKS; the increased circulation demanded during the late scarcity, supplied principally by the paper of the country banks, ii. 160, 161. This rather a consequence than a cause of the high price of provi- sions, ii. 162. It is much better that the issue should have come from the country banks than the bank of England, ii. 163. Some advantage might be derived in improving the condition of the poor, from small country banks, with a particular regulation, ii. 474. BARBADOES, hardships experienced in the first settlement of the Eng- lish colony there, ii. 136.
BARBARISM, extreme, of the inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego and of Van Diemen's Land, i. 29, 30.
BEDOWEENS; state of, with respect to the checks to population among them, i. 147, 154-160.
BEGGARS, multitude of, in Tibet, i. 243, 244. The relief given to common beggars often does not come under the appellation of charity, ii. 426.
BENEFIT CLUBS; plan of improving the condition of the poor by the compulsory and universal establishment of, considered, ii. 436-440. BERLIN, proportion of its annual marriages to its population, i. 385.
BERNE, proofs of the powerful operation of the preventive check to po- pulation in the town and canton of, i. 416, 417.
BIRTHS; proportion of, to deaths, in Norway, i. 325. In different parts of Russia, i. 352 In England and Wales, i. 474. In France, ii. 67. In a North American state, ii. 68. Proportion of, to mar- riages, in England and Wales, i. 477. To the whole population in Russia, i. 358, ii. 29. In France, before and during the revolution, i. 437, 440, note. In England and Wales, i. 470. In different places of the middle parts of Europe, i. 389-394. Births in the Greek church in Russia, for the year 1799, i. 374. A greater mortality natu- rally produces a greater proportion of births, i. 402. See also the ar- ticles Fruitfulness, and Registers.
BOUNTIES on the exportation of corn considered, ii. 237. In discussing this subject, the private interest of the farmers and proprietors should never enter the question, ii. 235. Beneficial effects of the regulations adopted in the corn-laws of 1688 and 1700, ii. 236. Great fluctua- tions and average of price before that time, ii. 237. Examination of the arguments of Dr. Smith in support of his assertion that the fall of price happened in spite of the bounty, and could not have happened in consequence of it, ii. 238. First, that the bounty necessarily tends to raise the money price of corn, ii. 239. Second, that the extension of the foreign market so procured, is at the expense of the home market, ii. 240, 241. Third, that the two taxes paid by the people, on account of the bounty, must either return upon the farmer by raising the price of labor, or diminish the whole market of corn by restraining the population of the country, ii. 241, 242. Fourth, that as the money price of corn regulates that of all other home-made commodities, the advantage to the proprietor from the increased price is not real, ii. 245. Fifth, that the nature of things has stamped upon corn a real value, which no bounty upon exportation, no monopoly of the home market, can raise, nor any competition can lower, ii. 247. Mode in which a bounty upon exportation operates; by encouraging the farmer to grow more corn, ii. 250. By placing him on a level with the foreign grower, ii. 254. By giving a decided encouragement to the investment of capital in agriculture, ii. 255, By tending ulti- mately to lower the average price, and to prevent variations above and below it, ii. 256. Operation of the bounty on the value of silver, ii 259. The corn laws, by opening a larger and a steadier demand for our corn, must give a powerful stimulus to our agriculture, ii. 262. Specific evil to be apprehended from an unlimited freedom of impor- tation and exportation, ii. 263. Speculation on the probable perni- cious consequences of an importing system, ii. 266. A system of corn laws, adapted to circumstances, the only means of restoring our in- dependence, and building our national greatness on the sure founda- tion of agriculture, ii. 268. General system of ploughing prejudicial, ii. 270, note. The most enlightened system of agriculture can never keep pace with an unchecked population, ii. 271.
BRAHMENS, practice of marriage among, i. 238.
BRANDENBURGH, proportion of yearly deaths and births to the popu- lation, in the small towns and villages of, i. 390, 464. Variations in the proportions of births to deaths and to marriages, at different periods, ii. 43. Churmark of; proportion of its annual marriages to its po- pulation, i. 383, 384. Its general mortality, i. 392. Variations in the proportion of births to deaths and to marriages, in different pe- riods, ii. 41, 42. Neumark of; general mortality in, i. 392.
BRAZIL, Portuguese colony of; quick progress which it made in popu. lation, notwithstanding its ill management, ii. 52.
BRITISH ISLES ravaged for two centuries by the ancient northern in- vaders, i. 137.
BROTHERS, according to the Hindoo customs, cannot marry without disgrace before the eldest, i. 232. In Tibet all the brothers of a fa- mily associate with one female, i. 242.
CAMPINE, in Brabant, brought into cultivation from the state of a barren and arid sand, ii 292.
CANADA, Occasional famine among the nations of, i. 69.
CANNIBALISM, among the American Indians and others, i. 61, 82, 86, had its origin probably in extreme want, i. 60.
CASATSHIA tribe of Tartars; state of, with respect to the checks to po- pulation among them, i. 150.
CELIBACY powerfully inculcated in Tibet, i. 241.
CHARITY, indiscriminate, wherever it exists, will never want objects on which to exercise its bounty, i. 244 Of the direction of our
Charity, ii. 420 Benevolence, like other impulses, must be frequently brought to the test of utility, ii. 420 Its pernicious effects if exercised indiscriminately, ii. 421. Such a conduct also immoral, ii. 422 The effect of charity upon the giver, is to purify and exalt the mind, ii. 425. contrary effect-of the sums distributed by the parochial laws, ii. 425. Of the subscription given in some cases to the great public institutions, ii. 425. Of the relief of common beggars, ii 426 Opposite descrip- tion of real charity, voluntary and active, in the relief of proper ob- jects, ii 427. Produces daily advances in virtue, in those who prac- tise it, ii 428. The power of giving or withholding relief, vested in parish officers and justices, very different in its nature and effect from voluntary charity, ii. 429. Beneficial consequences to the general state of the poor, of leaving charity to be voluntary, ii 430. Poverty and misery always increase in proportion to the quantity of indiscriminate charity, ii. 431. The poor must be left to the natural consequences of their conduct with respect to industry and marriage, ii. 431. Cala- mities unmerited, or arising from the failure of well-founded expecta- tions, are the genuine objects of charity, ii. 432 Relief to the idle and improvident, in the severest distress, must be scanty, ii. 432. Urgent distress from accidents unconnected with indolence and im- providence, not within these reasonings, ii. 433. An opportunity of doing good, however, not to be lost from a mere supposed possibi- lity of meeting with a worthier object, ii. 434.
CHASTITY, reason why the disgrace attending its breach in a woman should be greater than in a man, ii. 115–116. The virtue of chastity has a real and solid foundation in nature and reason, ii. 318. Consi- deration of the consequences arising to society from unchastity, com- pared with those of other vices, ii. 346-352.
CHEAPNESS of provisions, extraordinary, in the southern parts of Si- beria, i. 209.
CHECK, ultimate, to the increase of population, is the deficiency of the means of subsistence, i. 4, 13, 14. The immediate checks, i. 14. These latter may be classed under the heads of preventive and positive checks, (See those articles, and their references), i. 14, 20. All re-
solvable into moral restraint, vice, and misery, i. 18, 19, 28. Proportion in which the preventive and positive checks prevail according to cir cumstances, i. 20 Mode of operation of the general checks described, i. 21. Checks in the lowest stage of human society, considered, i. 29. Among the American Indians, i. 41. In the islands of the South Sea, i. 79. Among the ancient inhabitants of the north of Europe, i. 111. Among modern pastoral nations, i. 144 In different parts of Africa, i. 173. In Siberia, northern and southern, i. 198. In the Turkish dominions and Persia, i 214. In Indostan and Ti- bet, i 226. In China and Japan, i 245 Among the Greeks, i 275. Among the Romans, i. 289 In Norway, i 307. In Sweden, i. 328. In Russia, i. 352. In the middle parts of Europe, i. 376 In Swit- zerland, i 396. In France, i 426. In England, i. 453. In Scotland and Ireland, i 486 The want of food is also the most efficient cause of the immediate checks, ii. 57. In modern Europe the positive checks prevail less, and the preventive checks more, than in past times, and in the less civilized parts of the world, ii 75. CHILDREN, sucking, buried alive with the mother at her death in New Holland, i. 37. Difficulty of rearing children in a savage life, i. 38. Frequent abandonment and destruction of them among the American Indians, i. 48. In China bound to maintain their parents, i. 253. Where property is equalized the number of children should be limited, according to Aristotle, i. 284, 285. Every child that dies under ten years of age, is a loss to the nation of all that had been expended in its subsistence, ii 478 A specific relief might, without any ili consequence, be given for every child above the number of six, ii. 484. See also the article Infanticide, and, for various particulars respecting the mortality of children, the article Deaths. CHINA: the Moguls, after conquering its northern provinces, pròpose in council to exterminate all its inhabitants, i 145 Its state with res- pect to the checks to population, i. 245. Estimate of the number of its inhabitants, i. 246. Small number of families in proportion, i. 247. Causes of its immense population; excellence of the soil, i. 247, 248. Very great encouragements given to agriculture, i. 248. And to marriage, i. 253. Effects of these last; abject state of the poor, i. 256. Inquiry into the immediate checks by which this vast popula- tion is kept down to the level of the means of subsistence, i. 259. Prudential restraints, i. 260. Vicious intercourse with the sex, i. 262 Epidemic diseases, i 264 Exposure of children, and infanti- cide, i. 264, 265. Frequent famines, wars, and internal commotions, i. 268. Its state illustrative of the proposition, that an increase of the stock or revenue of a nation cannot always be considered as an increase of the real funds for the maintenance of labor, ii. 201-204. CHIRIGUANES, their rapid increase on settling in the mountains of Peru, i. 63. CHRISTIANITY; the new light in which it placed our duty with re- spect to marriage and population, a pleasing confirmation of its truth and divinity, and of its adaption to an improved state of society, ii, 327, 328.
CIVIL LIBERTY: Effect of the knowledge of the principal cause of poverty on, ii. 367. It would powerfully contribute to the advance- ment of rational freedom, ii. 367. The pressure of distress on the lower classes, with their habit of attributing this to their rulers, the guardian spirit of despotism, ii. 368. A mob the most fatal of all
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