INDEX.

A.

ABRAM and Lot, their separation, an illustration of the cause which
overspread the whole earth with people, i. 111.

ABYSSINIA; state of, with respect to the checks to population, i. 187,

188.

AFRICA, of the checks to population in different parts of, i. 173. Great
disposition of the country to population in general, i. 173. This
counterbalanced by the habits of the Negro nations. See the article
Negro. State of Abyssinia, i. 187, 188. Of Egypt, i. 193.
AGows, an Abyssinian nation, dreadful misery and penury in, i. 186.
AGRICULTURE, very great encouragements given to it in China, i. 248
-250. Powerful effect of these, i. 251, 253. Is the sole species of in-
dustry by which multitudes can exist, i. 275, 276. In France, rather
increased than diminished during the revolution, i. 434. Statements
respecting the present condition of it in that country, i. 448. Process-
es for abridging agricultural labor, tend rather to diminish than in-
crease the whole produce, ii. 203. Of the definition of wealth; and
of the agricultural and commercial systems, ii. 206. Consequences of
defining wealth as the gross produce of the land, ii. 206. As the an-
nual produce of the land and labor (Dr. Smith's definition,) ii. 206.
As the clear surplus produce of the land, ii. 206. The surplus pro-
duce of the cultivators, the great fund which ultimately pays all who
are not employed upon the land, ii. 207. Different effect of a clear.
monied revenue arising from manufactures of the same extent, ii. 209.
Manufactures, according to the Economists, an object on which re-
venue is spent, and not part of the revenue itself, ii. 210. Commerce
and manufactures rather the consequences than the causes of the
wealth of England, ii. 212. Their effect in encouraging the improve-
ment of the land, or otherwise, ii. 213. Effect of a redundancy of com-
mercial capital in this point, ii. 215. Our commerce has not done so
much for our agriculture, as our agriculture has done for our commerce,
ii. 218. Different effects of the agricultural and commercial systems, ii.
220. State of England with respect to agriculture and commerce in
the middle of the last century, ii. 220. Now disadvatageously changed
for the predominance of the commercial system, ii. 221. Price of
labor considered, on this subject, ii. 222. Different effects of the
high price of corn and of rude produce, as occasioned by competition
among different nations, or by that of monied weal h at home, ii. 224.
To endeavor to lower the price of labor by encouraging the importa-
tion of foreign corn, would aggravate the evil, ii. 225. Precarious
state of a nation depending for a considerable part of its supply of
corn upon its poorer neighbors, ii. 226. Opposite condition of one in

which agricultural wealth predominates, ii. 227. No branch of trade
more profitable than the sale of rude produce, ii. 228. Different
circumstances of two countries; one exporting manufactures and im-
porting corn, and the other pursuing a contrary course, ii. 228. Four
very strong reasons why the exportation of corn is to be preferred to
any other kind of export, ii. 230. If a bounty would turn a nation
from the habit of importing corn to that of exporting it, such a mea-
sure is justifiable, (See further the article Bounties), ii. 233. See also
the article Plenty.

AMERICA, period in which population has doubled itself in the northern
States of, i. 6. In the back settlements, i. 6. Very rapid increase of
the English colonies, ii. 53, 54. Actual population of the United
States, ii. 56. Hardships experienced in the first settlement of some
of the English colonies, ii. 134-136. See also the article Indians.
ANCIENT or modern nations, question of the superior populousness of,
i. 300-305.

ANDERSON, Mr.; his erroneous proposition, that every increase of po-
pulation tends to increase relative plenty, and vice versa, ii. 280, note.
ARABIA FELIX, practice and effect of polygamy in, i. 183.

ARABS. See the article Bedoweens.

ARDOUR, want of, in the men, generated by the hardships and dangers
of savage life, i. 44.

ARISTOTLE saw clearly the strong tendency of population to increasë
beyond the means of subsistence; methods proposed by him as re-
sources for its redundance, i. 283, 286. By limiting the age of mar-
riage, the number of children born, and the period of procreating, i.
283. His farther observations on the necessity of regulating the num-
ber of children, i. 284, 285. Points out an error in the measures taken
to increase the population of Sparta, i. 286.

ASIA, checks to population among the modern pastoral tribes of, (See
the article Tartars), i. 144. Enumeration of checks, i. 171.
AUGSBURGH, proportion of its annual marriages to its population, i. 382.

B.

BANKS; the increased circulation demanded during the late scarcity,
supplied principally by the paper of the country banks, ii. 160, 161.
This rather a consequence than a cause of the high price of provi-
sions, ii. 162. It is much better that the issue should have come
from the country banks than the bank of England, ii. 163. Some
advantage might be derived in improving the condition of the poor,
from small country banks, with a particular regulation, ii. 474.
BARBADOES, hardships experienced in the first settlement of the Eng-
lish colony there, ii. 136.

BARBARISM, extreme, of the inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego and of
Van Diemen's Land, i. 29, 30.

BEDOWEENS; state of, with respect to the checks to population among
them, i. 147, 154-160.

BEGGARS, multitude of, in Tibet, i. 243, 244. The relief given to
common beggars often does not come under the appellation of charity,
ii. 426.

BENEFIT CLUBS; plan of improving the condition of the poor by the
compulsory and universal establishment of, considered, ii. 436-440.
BERLIN, proportion of its annual marriages to its population, i. 385.

BERNE, proofs of the powerful operation of the preventive check to po-
pulation in the town and canton of, i. 416, 417.

BIRTHS; proportion of, to deaths, in Norway, i. 325. In different
parts of Russia, i. 352 In England and Wales, i. 474. In France,
ii. 67. In a North American state, ii. 68. Proportion of, to mar-
riages, in England and Wales, i. 477. To the whole population in
Russia, i. 358, ii. 29. In France, before and during the revolution, i.
437, 440, note. In England and Wales, i. 470. In different places
of the middle parts of Europe, i. 389-394. Births in the Greek
church in Russia, for the year 1799, i. 374. A greater mortality natu-
rally produces a greater proportion of births, i. 402. See also the ar-
ticles Fruitfulness, and Registers.

BOUNTIES on the exportation of corn considered, ii. 237. In discussing
this subject, the private interest of the farmers and proprietors should
never enter the question, ii. 235. Beneficial effects of the regulations
adopted in the corn-laws of 1688 and 1700, ii. 236. Great fluctua-
tions and average of price before that time, ii. 237. Examination of
the arguments of Dr. Smith in support of his assertion that the fall
of price happened in spite of the bounty, and could not have happened
in consequence of it, ii. 238. First, that the bounty necessarily tends
to raise the money price of corn, ii. 239. Second, that the extension
of the foreign market so procured, is at the expense of the home
market, ii. 240, 241. Third, that the two taxes paid by the people,
on account of the bounty, must either return upon the farmer by
raising the price of labor, or diminish the whole market of corn by
restraining the population of the country, ii. 241, 242. Fourth, that
as the money price of corn regulates that of all other home-made
commodities, the advantage to the proprietor from the increased price
is not real, ii. 245. Fifth, that the nature of things has stamped upon
corn a real value, which no bounty upon exportation, no monopoly of
the home market, can raise, nor any competition can lower, ii. 247.
Mode in which a bounty upon exportation operates; by encouraging
the farmer to grow more corn, ii. 250. By placing him on a level
with the foreign grower, ii. 254. By giving a decided encouragement
to the investment of capital in agriculture, ii. 255, By tending ulti-
mately to lower the average price, and to prevent variations above
and below it, ii. 256. Operation of the bounty on the value of silver,
ii 259. The corn laws, by opening a larger and a steadier demand for
our corn, must give a powerful stimulus to our agriculture, ii. 262.
Specific evil to be apprehended from an unlimited freedom of impor-
tation and exportation, ii. 263. Speculation on the probable perni-
cious consequences of an importing system, ii. 266. A system of corn
laws, adapted to circumstances, the only means of restoring our in-
dependence, and building our national greatness on the sure founda-
tion of agriculture, ii. 268. General system of ploughing prejudicial,
ii. 270, note. The most enlightened system of agriculture can never
keep pace with an unchecked population, ii. 271.

BRAHMENS, practice of marriage among, i. 238.

BRANDENBURGH, proportion of yearly deaths and births to the popu-
lation, in the small towns and villages of, i. 390, 464. Variations in the
proportions of births to deaths and to marriages, at different periods,
ii. 43. Churmark of; proportion of its annual marriages to its po-
pulation, i. 383, 384. Its general mortality, i. 392. Variations in
the proportion of births to deaths and to marriages, in different pe-
riods, ii. 41, 42. Neumark of; general mortality in, i. 392.

BRAZIL, Portuguese colony of; quick progress which it made in popu.
lation, notwithstanding its ill management, ii. 52.

BRITISH ISLES ravaged for two centuries by the ancient northern in-
vaders, i. 137.

BROTHERS, according to the Hindoo customs, cannot marry without
disgrace before the eldest, i. 232. In Tibet all the brothers of a fa-
mily associate with one female, i. 242.

C.

CAMPINE, in Brabant, brought into cultivation from the state of a
barren and arid sand, ii 292.

CANADA, Occasional famine among the nations of, i. 69.

CANNIBALISM, among the American Indians and others, i. 61, 82, 86,
had its origin probably in extreme want, i. 60.

CASATSHIA tribe of Tartars; state of, with respect to the checks to po-
pulation among them, i. 150.

CELIBACY powerfully inculcated in Tibet, i. 241.

CHARITY, indiscriminate, wherever it exists, will never want objects
on which to exercise its bounty, i. 244
Of the direction of our

Charity, ii. 420 Benevolence, like other impulses, must be frequently
brought to the test of utility, ii. 420 Its pernicious effects if exercised
indiscriminately, ii. 421. Such a conduct also immoral, ii. 422 The
effect of charity upon the giver, is to purify and exalt the mind, ii. 425.
contrary effect-of the sums distributed by the parochial laws, ii. 425.
Of the subscription given in some cases to the great public institutions,
ii. 425. Of the relief of common beggars, ii 426 Opposite descrip-
tion of real charity, voluntary and active, in the relief of proper ob-
jects, ii 427. Produces daily advances in virtue, in those who prac-
tise it, ii 428. The power of giving or withholding relief, vested in
parish officers and justices, very different in its nature and effect from
voluntary charity, ii. 429. Beneficial consequences to the general state
of the poor, of leaving charity to be voluntary, ii 430. Poverty and
misery always increase in proportion to the quantity of indiscriminate
charity, ii. 431. The poor must be left to the natural consequences of
their conduct with respect to industry and marriage, ii. 431. Cala-
mities unmerited, or arising from the failure of well-founded expecta-
tions, are the genuine objects of charity, ii. 432 Relief to the idle
and improvident, in the severest distress, must be scanty, ii. 432.
Urgent distress from accidents unconnected with indolence and im-
providence, not within these reasonings, ii. 433. An opportunity
of doing good, however, not to be lost from a mere supposed possibi-
lity of meeting with a worthier object, ii. 434.

CHASTITY, reason why the disgrace attending its breach in a woman
should be greater than in a man, ii. 115–116. The virtue of chastity
has a real and solid foundation in nature and reason, ii. 318. Consi-
deration of the consequences arising to society from unchastity, com-
pared with those of other vices, ii. 346-352.

CHEAPNESS of provisions, extraordinary, in the southern parts of Si-
beria, i. 209.

CHECK, ultimate, to the increase of population, is the deficiency of the
means of subsistence, i. 4, 13, 14. The immediate checks, i. 14.
These latter may be classed under the heads of preventive and positive
checks, (See those articles, and their references), i. 14, 20. All re-

solvable into moral restraint, vice, and misery, i. 18, 19, 28. Proportion
in which the preventive and positive checks prevail according to cir
cumstances, i. 20 Mode of operation of the general checks described,
i. 21. Checks in the lowest stage of human society, considered, i. 29.
Among the American Indians, i. 41. In the islands of the South
Sea, i. 79. Among the ancient inhabitants of the north of Europe,
i. 111. Among modern pastoral nations, i. 144 In different
parts of Africa, i. 173. In Siberia, northern and southern, i. 198.
In the Turkish dominions and Persia, i 214. In Indostan and Ti-
bet, i 226. In China and Japan, i 245 Among the Greeks, i 275.
Among the Romans, i. 289 In Norway, i 307. In Sweden, i. 328.
In Russia, i. 352. In the middle parts of Europe, i. 376 In Swit-
zerland, i 396. In France, i 426. In England, i. 453. In Scotland
and Ireland, i 486 The want of food is also the most efficient cause
of the immediate checks, ii. 57. In modern Europe the positive
checks prevail less, and the preventive checks more, than in past
times, and in the less civilized parts of the world, ii 75.
CHILDREN, sucking, buried alive with the mother at her death in
New Holland, i. 37. Difficulty of rearing children in a savage life,
i. 38. Frequent abandonment and destruction of them among the
American Indians, i. 48. In China bound to maintain their parents,
i. 253. Where property is equalized the number of children should
be limited, according to Aristotle, i. 284, 285. Every child that dies
under ten years of age, is a loss to the nation of all that had been
expended in its subsistence, ii 478 A specific relief might, without
any ili consequence, be given for every child above the number of six,
ii. 484. See also the article Infanticide, and, for various particulars
respecting the mortality of children, the article Deaths.
CHINA: the Moguls, after conquering its northern provinces, pròpose in
council to exterminate all its inhabitants, i 145 Its state with res-
pect to the checks to population, i. 245. Estimate of the number of
its inhabitants, i. 246. Small number of families in proportion, i.
247. Causes of its immense population; excellence of the soil, i. 247,
248. Very great encouragements given to agriculture, i. 248. And
to marriage, i. 253. Effects of these last; abject state of the poor, i.
256. Inquiry into the immediate checks by which this vast popula-
tion is kept down to the level of the means of subsistence, i. 259.
Prudential restraints, i. 260. Vicious intercourse with the sex, i.
262 Epidemic diseases, i 264 Exposure of children, and infanti-
cide, i. 264, 265. Frequent famines, wars, and internal commotions,
i. 268. Its state illustrative of the proposition, that an increase of
the stock or revenue of a nation cannot always be considered as an
increase of the real funds for the maintenance of labor, ii. 201-204.
CHIRIGUANES, their rapid increase on settling in the mountains of Peru,
i. 63.
CHRISTIANITY; the new light in which it placed our duty with re-
spect to marriage and population, a pleasing confirmation of its truth
and divinity, and of its adaption to an improved state of society, ii,
327, 328.

CIVIL LIBERTY: Effect of the knowledge of the principal cause of
poverty on, ii. 367. It would powerfully contribute to the advance-
ment of rational freedom, ii. 367. The pressure of distress on the
lower classes, with their habit of attributing this to their rulers, the
guardian spirit of despotism, ii. 368. A mob the most fatal of all