D. CLASSIFIED WEEKLY EARNINGS AND AVERAGE HOURS WORKED: BY

PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIONS.

The numerous processes involved in the manufacture of the various kinds of paper products covered by this study have naturally led to the creation of a well-defined classification of occupations in the trades. The following table summarizes the weekly earnings and the hours actually worked by employees, the principal occupations selected as representative of the industries being listed alphabetically. The rates of wages paid in the same occupations in different establishments not infrequently vary according to the amount and quality of the product of the mills, and the location of the establishments is also an important factor in determining the rates of wages.

TABLE 6. Average Weekly Earnings, Average Hours Actually Worked, and Number of Employees Whose Weekly Earnings fell within Specified Wage Groups, Classified by Industries and Principal Occupations.

Paper Box Making.
Males.

NOTE.

The differences between the numbers in columns one and eight represent the number of employees whose actual hours of labor were not recorded on the manufacturers' pay-rolls.

TABLE 6. Average Weekly Earnings, Average Hours Actually Worked, and Number of Employees Whose Weekly Earnings fell within Specified Wage Groups, Classified by Industries and Principal Occupations - Continued.

TABLE 6. Average Weekly Earnings, Average Hours Actually Worked, and Number of Employees Whose Weekly Earnings fell within Specified Wage Groups, Classified by Industries and Principal Occupations —Continued.

TABLE 6. Average Weekly Earnings, Average Hours Actually Worked, and Number of Employees Whose Weekly Earnings fell within Specified Wage Groups, Classified by Industries and Principal Occupations - Concluded.

Paper Box Making. The average earnings of male employees, varying according to the character of the work performed in the producing departments of the paper box factories, ranged from $8.73 for general helpers, working an average of 53.6 hours, to $14.38 for scorers, working an average of 55.4 hours in the representative week. These occupations, it will be noted, represented the two largest groups of workmen in the productive departments of the factories. The average earnings of foremen, as computed for 94 men working an average of 55.7 hours, were $20.49. The level of wages was higher among the general occupations in the producing departments than among the productive occupations, while the average number of hours worked was practically the same.

Referring to the female employees in this industry, it will be seen that the average weekly earnings represented by 16 different occupations in the productive departments of paper box factories varied from $4.25 for turners-in to $11.08 for hand liners. The average weekly earnings of forewomen were $11.59, the average hours of labor being 53.3. Among the occupations peculiar to paper box making the numerical importance of bench workers and coverers is shown by this table. The average weekly

earnings as computed for 954 bench workers were $7.81 and for 945 coverers, $7.85; the average number of hours worked by each of these groups of workers was practically the same, being 50.6 and 50.7, respectively.

Envelope Making. It will be observed that the average earnings of the 20 foremen reported in the envelope industry were $22.06, and the average number of hours worked in the representative week was 53.9. The next highest average earnings of the male employees in the productive departments were $18.68 as computed for 72 machine adjusters; of this number 32, or 44.4 per cent of the total, earned $20 and over.

Of the 1,350 female employees in the productive departments of the mills, envelope machine operators, the largest occupation group, formed 44.6 per cent of the total number. The average earnings of these operators were found to be $7.56 in the representative week, 6.8 per cent of them earning $10.00 but under $15.00. The occupation affording the highest average earnings for female workers was edge tinting, the average being $9.36 for the 39 edge tinters for whom data were obtained. Not only did this occupation show the highest average earnings but the lowest average number of hours actually worked in the industry during the week (44.1) was found for this group of workers, a fact of significance when considering the hourly rate of wages paid to female workers in the industry.

Other Paper Products. Although the character of the finished paper products manufactured in the establishments considered in this industry group was often dissimilar, the nature of the work performed by many of the employees was deemed of sufficient similarity to permit of a comparative study of the wages and hours of labor in certain occupations. A survey of the average earnings of the male employees in the productive departments in the several establishments for the week studied shows a variation from $7.87 for helpers to $14.51 for rulers. For the 65 foremen for whom data were obtained the average weekly earnings were found to be $22.50, over one-half (58.5 per cent) earning $20.00 and over. In the coated paper mills the average weekly earnings of the 130 coaters employed were $11.24, while the average number of hours worked was 57.2.

For the female employees studied, the average weekly earnings of the largest group of workers (paper novelty workers) were $5.89, and the average number of hours worked was 48 in the representative week. The average earnings of the second largest group, machine operators and tenders, were $7.09, while the average number of hours worked was 49. A study of the actual working time of female employees in the various occupations shows that the number of hours worked was well under the legal