CHAP.
XVIII.

cannot believe that the measures spoken of by Plutarch extended beyond the confiscation of some estates. The submission of Naxos was secured by a colony of 500 Athenians, who were probably provided for at the expence of the more obnoxious of the islanders. Andros afforded a new home and subsistence for half as many Athenian settlers. A thousand were tempted by the offer of land in the territory of the Bisaltian Thracians.1 As many more found room in the Thracian Chersonesus, and thus served to guard that important conquest, and to protect the Athenian commerce in that quarter. Among these settlements there are some which deserve more particular notice, either on account of their connection with subsequent events in this history, or as indications of the large views, and aspiring thoughts, which now directed the Athenian counsels. The failure and loss which the Athenians had experienced in their attempt to establish themselves on the Strymon, at the Nine Ways, did not deter them from renewing the enterprise. In the twenty-ninth year after the disaster at Drabescus, B. c. 437, Hagnon son of Nicias, having collected a sufficient force at Eion, of which the Athenians still retained possession, succeeded in finally dislodging the Edonians from the site of his intended colony, and founded a new city, to which, from its situation-on a spur of mount Pangæon, commanding an extensive view both toward the coast and into the interior, between two reaches of the Strymon which he connected together by a long wall carried across the hill at the back of the town-he gave the name of Amphipolis. Hagnon enjoyed the honours of a founder as long as Athens retained any hold on the

The exact place is not mentioned. Their land lay to the south of the Strymon. This colony was probably connected with the foundation of Amphipolis; perhaps the 'Ayvwvela of Steph. B.

See Dr. Arnold in the Appendix to Thucydides, vol. II., on the neighbourhood of Amphipolis.

affection or respect of the colony. But the number of the Athenian settlers, as was to be expected from the perilous nature of the adventure, seems to have been originally small, and never to have formed a considerable part of the population.

In the course of an expedition which Pericles conducted in person into the Euxine, at the head of a large and gallant armament, for the purpose of displaying the power of Athens, and strengthening her influence among the cities and nations on those coasts, an opportunity presented itself of gaining possession of Sinope. This city was distracted by a civil war between the partisans and the adversaries of the tyrant Timesilaus; and as Miletus was no longer able to interfere in the affairs of her colony, the friends of liberty applied to Pericles for assistance. Being unable to remain long enough to bring the contest to a close, he left thirteen galleys under the command of Lamachus, a brave officer, whose name will be made familiar to us by a long and active career. The tyrant and his adherents were expelled, and the successful party invited a body of 600 Athenians to share the freedom of the city, and the confiscated estates of the exiles. It may have been at the same period that Amisus admitted so great a number of Athenians among her citizens, that in the time of Mithridates the whole population was considered as an Attic race.1 In the west the fall of Sybaris made an opening for an Athenian colony, which, though not very important in itself, is interesting for the circumstances under which it rose, for the celebrated names which were connected with it, and for the ambitious hopes which it suggested or cherished. The Sybarites who survived the destruction of their city, had taken refuge in their colony of Laos, and in

1

Appian, Mithrid. 8., calls it róλw 'ATTIKOû yévous, and, ibid. 83., says that Lucullus heard ὑπ ̓ Αθηναίων αὐτοὺς θαλασσοκρατούντων συνωκίσθαι.

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CHAP.
XVIII.

Scidrus, which had probably also belonged to them, and
seem to have made no attempt to recover their ancient
seats. But the children and grandchildren of these
exiles appear to have engaged a body of adventurers
from Thessaly', to join them in effecting a settlement
on the vacant site of Sybaris, which was thus restored
fifty-eight years after its fall. The new colony very
soon roused the jealousy of Croton, or was found to
encroach upon her interests, and at the end of five or
six years the settlers were forced to quit their new
home. They did not however remain passive under
this violence, but sent envoys to Sparta and Athens,
to solicit aid for the renewal of their attempt. Sparta
saw no benefit that she could derive from the under-
taking, and declined to take a part in it. But at
Athens the proposals of the envoys were seconded by
Pericles, and warmly embraced by the people. Ten
commissioners were sent out, among whom was a
celebrated diviner named Lampon, a man of eminent
skill in the interpretation of oracles, and the re-
gulation of sacred rites. An oracle was
An oracle was procured
exactly suited to the purpose of the leaders of the
expedition, and under its guidance a new town was
built, with geometrical regularity3, at a short distance
from the site of the old city, and called Thurium, or
Thurii, from a fountain which rose there. Two very
celebrated persons, Herodotus the historian, and the
orator Lysias, were among the settlers. They were
both foreigners; for the Athenians had invited ad-
venturers from all parts of Greece, and particularly
from Peloponnesus, to share the risks and the advan-

1 Diodor. XII. 10.; but xI. 90. he only speaks of a leader named Thessalus. Wesseling prefers the first of these statements, but assigns no reason for his minus commodé, with which he rejects the latter.

* B. C. 452. See Wesseling on Diodor. tom. 1. p. 484. 53.

3 There were four main streets the Heraclea, the Aphrodisias, the Olympias, and the Dionysias crossed at right angles by three called Heroa, Thuria, and Thurina. Singular that none took a name connected with Athens; especially if, as Mueller conjectures (Dor. tv. i. 1.), Hippodamus was the architect. Is there any mistake as to the last two?

tages of the expedition. The miscellaneous character of the population led to quarrels which for a while gave a violent shock to the peace of the colony. The descendants of the ancient Sybarites put forward ridiculous pretensions of superiority over the new comers. They claimed the exclusive enjoyment of the most important offices of the state; in the division of the territory they insisted on being allowed to choose the parcels of land which lay nearest the city; and in public sacrifices they would have their kinswomen take precedence of the other women. Such were not the terms on which the new citizens had accepted their invitation; they were indignant at the insolence of this aristocracy, which, though entirely dependent on their help, treated them as an inferior race; their resentment at length broke out into a' furious attack, by which the whole of this last remnant of the ill-fated people is said to have been exterminated: examples of a tragical destiny, which, after restoring them unexpectedly to their own soil, made them fall there the victims of their arrogance. After this event the remaining Thurians recruited their forces by a fresh band of adventurers from Greece, who were invited to join them upon terms of perfect civil and political equality. In imitation perhaps of the Athenian institutions they distributed themselves into ten tribes, which were named after the different nations of which the colony was composed. Four of these tribes, which took their names from Athens, Ionia, Euboea, and the islands, may perhaps be considered as a measure of the utmost influence which Athens could exert there. Of the rest three represented Peloponnesus1, three the north of Greece. They maintained peace with Croton, the more easily no doubt for the destruction of the

The Arcas, Achæis, and Elea. VOL. III.

2 The Boeotia, Amphictyonis, and Doris,

C

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CHAP.
XVIII.

Sybarites; enriched themselves by the industrious cultivation of their fertile and equably divided territory; and provided for domestic order and tranquillity by borrowing the institutions of Charondas. We learn from Strabo' that some Athenians took a part in the settlement of the new Parthenope (Neapolis), a colony of Cuma and the adjacent islands. Niebuhr2 conjectures that it was founded at about the same time with Thurii. And it seems probable that though Pericles may have promoted these enterprises without any other object than that of prosecuting the policy which has been already described, there were ardent spirits at Athens who viewed these western settlements as steps toward the accomplishment of a vast scheme, which, according to Plutarch, was already floating as a day-dream in the minds of some political speculators, and which embraced Sicily, Etruria, and Carthage itself, as possible additions to the Athenian empire.

The anxiety of Pericles to raise the value of the Athenian franchise, was still more distinctly proved by a law which he caused to be enacted at an early period in his administration, confining the rights of citizenship to persons whose parents were both Athenians. This law was not called into extensive operation before the year B. C. 444, nearly at the same time with the foundation of Thurii. But this year the Libyan prince, Psammetichus, who was master of a large part of Lower Egypt, having sent a present of corn to be distributed among the Athenian people, a rigid scrutiny was instituted to try the titles of those who claimed a share of the largess. The result was that nearly 5000 persons were declared to be aliens, and, it is said, suffered the penalty appointed by a rigorous law for those who usurped the privi

1 V. p. 246.

2

I. p. 154., but see his remark in note 479.

3 Per. 20