in the administrative, technical, and planning areas. In order to meet current and future air pollution control problems, it became necessary to develop competencies which will insure that our vital air resource is conserved and protected. The need to define more carefully the myriad of air pollution problems, devise ways to solve these problems satisfactorily, and to develop criteria by which Chicago can plan its future growth without jeopardizing the quality of air to be breathed is recognized in the goals we are presenting today.

It should be emphasized at the outset, however, that these goals will only be achieved if there is aid from the Federal Government, expenditures by industry, and additional support by the community. It is realized that all such costs are ultimately borne by the public so that in the final analysis it becomes a matter of how much our community is willing to pay to maintain a clean and healthful environment. The public is now equipped with the knowledge and confidence that they can control the environment that they work and live in. This is a major factor in the success of any governmental activity such as an air pollution control program. It is my feeling that the Chicagoans are willing to support a clean and healthful air environment, and on this basis we would now like to first enumerate and then to explain our goals:

1. To determine the effect of air pollution on the health of Chicagoans.

2. To inventory all potential sources of air pollution.

3. To improve the monitoring of pollutants in our atmosphere. 4. To improve the analysis of pollutants in our atmosphere. 5. To determine the transport of pollution.

6. To continually recommend effective air pollution control legisla tion.

7. To increase metropolitan activity in the control of air pollution. 8. To provide the public with a thorough understanding of air pollution.

I will now explain each of these goals in detail.

Goal 1. To determine the effect of air pollution on the health of Chicagoans.

Public Health officials have long suspected that the air we breathe is one of the environmental factors that under some circumstances can cause ill health, but proof of this has been lacking until relatively recently. The acute episodes of health effects of air pollution that caused death in Donora, Pa. in 1948, and in London, England, in 1952 and in 1962, point out the extreme detrimental effects that can be experienced in a community.

We are not as concerned in Chicago with the acute effects of air pollution as we are with the chronic, long-term effects. Based on this, an air quality standards committee was established early in 1963 composed of community physicians. This medical committee, established through the cooperation of the Chicago Board of Health, will advise the Chicago Department of Air Pollution Control of the effects of air pollution on the health of Chicago citizenry. This committee has requested that an epidemiological and clinical survey of a 3-year duration begin in Chicago in 1964.

An application for Federal aid to conduct such a survey is now being prepared and will be submitted for consideration on March 1

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of this year by Dr. Mark Lepper, professor and head of the Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Chicago; Dr. Joseph Christian, chairman, Pediatrics Department, Presbyterian-St. Luke's Hospital and the air quality standards committee. Through this study, if approved to begin in 1964, September, we will be able to document scientifically the effect of various pollutants in our atmosphere, not only on the normal adult but on the school-age child and the aged. Such data will be gathered by means of disease and health surveys and by means of health and hospital records. These data will then be compared and correlated with the types and concentrations of air pollution to which the study populations have been or are being exposed. This study will procure much needed information on the effect of air pollution on the health of Chicagoans, both on an acute and chronic basis.

Senator MUSKIE. Mr. Fitzpatrick, what would be the cost of that study?

Mr. FITZPATRICK. This cost is estimated at approximately $500,000 over a 3-year period.

Senator MUSKIE. For a 2-year or a 3-year period?

Mr. FITZPATRICK. Three-year period.

Senator MUSKIE. Has it been considered that there might be Federal participation?

Mr. FITZPATRICK. That is correct.

Senator MUSKIE. What would be the extent of the Federal participation?

Mr. FITZPATRICK. Approximately $400,000.

In 1965, the air quality standards committee will suggest that tentative air quality standards be promulgated. These standards must include such pollutants as dustfall, suspended particulates and sulfur oxides. Within the next 5 years it is expected that these tolerable levels which will be established shall be translated into permanent standards. The epidemiological and clinical investigation which will relate air pollution levels and human health effects when completed in 1967, will be the primary basis for the establishment of permanent air quality standards for Chicago's air.

Senator MUSKIE. Do you now have the authority administratively to enforce such standards when they are developed or will you have to seek legislation?

Mr. FITZPATRICK. We would have to seek additional legislation. Senator MUSKIE. I see.

Mr. FITZPATRICK. Goal No. 2: To inventory all potential sources of air pollution.

In the next few days some 7,500 manufacturing establishments will receive from the Chicago Department of Air Pollution Control an emission inventory questionnaire. This questionnaire was designed and tested during 1963. It has been pretested and revised to insure that the information requested will be returned in as complete a form as possible.

The objectives of this project are to identify materials emitted to the atmosphere by manufacturing establishments located within the corporate limits of Chicago and to estimate the mass rate of emissions to the atmosphere. Emissions to be identified and cataloged will be both gaseous and particulate matter. The information developed

as a result of this project will enable the department to identify those manufacturing activities responsible for the emission of pollutants and the type of industrial processes involved. This information will allow priorities to be established for the control of such pollution and an effective use of manpower to bring about rapid abatement. It is estimated this project will take a total of 2 years to complete. This will be a comprehensive emission inventory of all pollutant sources which will include in addition to manufacturing operations, those sources attributable to residential and commercial activities.

The mailing of the questionnaire will be followed by field interviews by qualified engineers provided for in the 1964 budget of the department of air pollution control. These field engineers in addition to insuring completion of the questionnaire will gather additional technical information where necessary. Information acquired in 1964 and 1965 will be kept current by subsequent annual visitations by these field engineers.

This inventory is being conducted because the need exists for compilation of such data which will permit the department of air pollution control to develop rational and reasonable standards to meet the air quality levels desired. One of the end products of the initial inventory will be a series of reports indicating the types of processes and equipment employed within each major manufacturing group as defined by the standard industrial classifications, and the amount of pollutant materials emitted to the atmosphere by such processes and equipment.

The enormous amount of data which will be generated by such a survey has caused all information to be handled with data processing techniques. With this in mind, questionnaires and administrative mechanics have been adapted for computer handling.

This inventory will tell us, for example, the emissions and tons per year of gases and particulate matter not only by industrial category, but in addition, by delineations such as (1) combustion of fuels; (2) incineration; (3) transportation; (4) manufacturing and related com

mercial activities.

Senator MUSKIE. What will be the cost of that project?

Mr. FITZPATRICK. This project, if done by the department of air pollution control would require 2 years to conduct. It could be accelerated through Federal aid.

We would require an additional $100,000 and personnel and equipment to complete this in 1 year.

Senator MUSKIE. And you seek that sum from the Federal Government?

Mr. FITZPATRICK. We would request this, yes.

Goal No. 3: To improve the monitoring of pollutants in our atmosphere.

An adequate air monitoring network is essential for an air pollution control program. Basic data must be assembled on the nature and extent of significant pollutants in the Chicago atmosphere. Air monitoring data is necessary to develop a factual basis for the establishment of meaningful air quality standards. Such a network establishes seasonal and annual trends and provides a basis for evaluating the effectiveness of abatement programs on air quality. It also will provide an initial scientific basis for the contemplated epidemiological and clinical study of air pollution in Chicago.

In 1963, Chicago opened a 20-station air monitoring network to measure suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere. Also last. year an 8-station sulfur dioxide network was put into operation in addition to a 20-station corrosion damage network. These networks will tell us more scientifically the effect air pollution has on the deterioration of metals and materials; 12 additional stations will be added this year to the 8-station sulfur dioxide network. An analysis will be made of the levels of lead in the atmosphere by reviewing field data gathered at all 20 stations of the suspended particulate network. This will expand the information recently obtained by the Lead Industries Association. It is essential that Federal aid be provided at this juncture so that the department of air pollution control may investigate other polluants such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, oxidants, nickel and chromium and such other polutants in our atmosphere as the air quality standards committee or members of the epidemiological study team request.

Senator MUSKIE. What is the cost of installing the stations?

Mr. FITZPATRICK. The additional stations would be approximately $110,000.

Senator MUSKIE. That is a total for how many, 12?

Mr. FITZPATRICK. Between 8 and 12. Some of these would be mobile field equipment to go into a laboratory for spot sampling.

Senator MUSKIE. Now, when you speak of sulfur dioxide network and the corrosion damage network and the suspended particulate network, these are separate networks and separate stations, are they? Mr. FITZPATRICK. They are located at the same site but they use different equipment.

Senator MUSKIE. They use different equipment?

Mr. FITZPATRICK. Yes, sir.

Senator MUSKIE. And with respect to the other pollutants, is it your feeling that you need similar networks of similar size for each of these pollutants in the air?

Mr. FITZPATRICK. The 20-station network was determined to be the most representative number to give us a profile of Chicago's air. It represents a sampling station of approximately 10 square miles; there are 20 of these and each of them represent about 10 square miles of Chicago.

Now, this was determined by a professional meteorologist and chemical engineers who advised us on this when they came in from the Taft Engineering Center in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Senator MUSKIE. Are these stations accumulating data all day long? Mr. FITZPATRICK. The present sulfur dioxide stations accumulate 24-hour samples 3 days a week.

We are stating here that we will be requesting additional sulfur dioxide measuring equipment so that we may measure this gas in concentrations that will give us hourly values because the medical profession is interested in the acute insult that may come about in periods when peaks are reached in 1 hour.

Senator MUSKIE. Would that data enable you to get some picture of the pattern of air movement and pollution sources?

Mr. FITZPATRICK. Yes; we now know from our 20 stations in the suspended particulate network that we have pollution moving about the city as you mentioned in your preliminary remarks.

We know that when the winds are from the southeasterly quadrant of the city the levels of suspended particulates in our atmosphere increases by 300 percent.

We know when winds are from the northeast or north that our air is cleanest.

The information gathered by these 20 stations is correlated with the local meterological data which is made available to us by the U.S. Weather Bureau and our U.S. Weather Bureau Committee and this is correlated with the winds.

Senator MUSKIE. All right. Fine.

Mr. FITZPATRICK. In 1965 the air monitoring network will begin to measure the effect of air pollution on the vegetation in Chicago. Do consider the priority being established:

One. Health,

Two. Damage to materials and properties, and

Three. Vegetation.

At the present time suspended particulate matter is being measured in our laboratory to determine the total quantity of all solid pollutants in our atmosphere. Qualitative analysis is vitally necessary to determine the composition of suspended particulates in our atmosphere. The department of air pollution control is now preparing a request for aid provided for under the new Clean Air Act, which will allow for the expansion of the network through the use of additional scientific equipment to give us the type of data needed. For example, equipment at the present eight sulfur dioxide sites give us 24-hour average values of this pollutant, but it is important for proper medical evaluation of sulfur dioxide to have values for the concentrations of this gas at hourly intervals. The equipment necessary to provide this data cannot be obtained from the 1964 budget of the department of air pollution control.

In the next 5 years, through the use of the proposed air monitoring system, we will be able to determine the gaseous and particulate pollutants, and their concentration at various locations throughout our community. It is expected that the contemplated air monitoring network may be abandoned in 1968 or modified as sufficient data will be available to predict mathematically the nature and concentration of key pollutants in Chicago's atmosphere.

Goal four: To improve the analysis of pollutants in our atmosphere. The department of air pollution control will house its laboratory in Chicago's new central district filtration plant this year. This is a major improvement in our facilities. In addition, technical personnel will be added to the laboratory staff in 1964. As mentioned in our previous goal, the expansion of an air-monitoring network can only be carried out if additional laboratory equipment is provided, or unless the laboratory services now being provided by the U.S. Public Health Service at Taft Engineering Center will be continued and greatly expanded. The contemplated laboratory analyses which will be necessary to gain proper information of Chicago's atmosphere will not be possible in 1964 unless Federal aid is provided under the new Clean Air Act. In addition to laboratory equipment, qualified technical personnel to operate such equipment will also be required. Equipment such as spectrographic equipment, gas chromatographs, and specialized microscopic equipment will be essential.