2. Establish and operate continuous automatic recording air monitoring stations for measurement of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, hydrocarbons (total), and oxidant. Include operation of dustfall collectors, high-volume air samplers, and strip filter paper samplers. These stations should also serve the needs for a continuous air pollu tion alert system. 3. For those months of the year when pollution levels are highest, operate a large number of sampling stations for determination of sulfur dioxide and fine particulate matter as a soiling index on a 24-hour-per-day sample basis. 4. At times of high oxidant of sulfur dioxide concentrations, as indicated by monitoring equipment or otherwise, collect "grab" samples of oxidant and sulfur dioxide at a large number of preselected locations. 5. Augment dustfall information presently being obtained. 6. Through a research grant or contract proposal use the personnel and facilities of one laboratory to make detailed studies of air quality from sev eral locations. These studies should include but not be limited to the following: (a) Group and specific analyses of hydrocarbons. (b) Particulate examinations using electron and optical microscopy, chemical microscopy, etc. Particle counting and sizing should be included. Samples of particulates from major classes of suspect sources might be used in an attempt to assess relative significance of various sources in causing haze and soiling. (c) Sulfuric acid and sulfates. (d) Carcinogens (polynuclear hydrocarbons and others). (f) Aldehydes as a class and certain specific ones, such as formaldehyde and acrolein. (g) Ammonia. (h) Description of atmospheric reactions. (i) Others as the desirability becomes apparent. The number of samples examined would be small but the workup on them would be extensive. D. Determine effects of pollutants: 1. Compile and evaluate information from the works of others on the effects of pollution on human health as observed in the survey area. 2. Locate several test sites throughout the area to determine the relative air pollution effects on various materials of economic importance. These would include corrosion of metals, deterioration of fabrics and rubber, tarnishing of silverware, and effects on masonry and painted surfaces. 3. Compile and evaluate information on effects of air pollution on vegetation in the area. 4. Study incidence of increased use of electricity for lighting due to obscuration of natural light, using photoelectric sensing devices at several locations and various elevations in the area and at a control site. 5. Make routine or "on call" observations of visibility obscuration using sun photometers at a number of locations in the area. This might help define the extent of the air basin in this area. 6. Study the incidence of visibility reduction associated with fog in the survey area compared with a nearby, but less polluted area. 7. Improve estimates of economic damage due to soiling. This could include: (a) Information from hotel chains, utilities, hospitals, institutions, and department stores. (b) Information regarding need for cleaning of windows at various locations, including controls; and determining the rate of soiling through the use of subjective panels. 8. Collect information on the kinds of actions which might be taken to further reduce pollutant emissions from various sources during times of unusually poor atmospheric dispersion. 9. Study the impact of various levels of pollution emission reduction programs; giving consideration to radical and drastic controls of source operations. E. Determine capacity of the atmosphere to disperse pollutants: 1. Assemble meteorological data presently being collected by others and use as appropriate in conjunction with air quality and emission data to reach the objective. 2. As found necessary, establish and operate additional meteorological observing installations. It is likely that temperature measurements at various levels above the surface will be needed at one or more locations. 3. Develop a system or improve existing systems for forecasting periods of atmospheric stagnation for use in an air pollution alert system. Also, develop a system for use in meteorologically oriented pollution source control plans. II. Action to be taken A. Develop ambient air quality standards. B. Develop pollutant emission standards and a timetable for achievement of conformity to the standards. These might be of a dual nature with one standard applicable to existing sources and another applicable to sources built in the future. C. Develop an air pollution alert system incorporating air quality standards defining alert levels, meteorological prediction methods, source curtailment or shutdown plans, methods of protecting highly susceptible groups of people, communications systems, and administrative procedures for intergovernmental cooperation. D. Make estimates of future pollution levels assuming various emission reduction measures were instituted and various possible land use plans were followed. E. Develop standards of practices (1) for long-range use; (2) applicable to existing facilities; (3) those subject to major modification, and (4) establishments to be built in the future. Items which might be included are means for space heating and refuse storage and disposal, means of power generation, transportation and others. F. Develop short- and long-range recommendations concerning air use for incorporation in general community planning activities. G. Prepare recommendations relating to organization, staffing, funding and program activities of air pollution control agencies operating in the survey area. H. Develop a suitable pollutant emission reduction program schedule. Elements to be considered include: 1. Effects on consumers and producers. 2. Technical feasibilities. 3. Enforcement problems. 4. Time schedules. 5. Economics. Control measures might include but not be limited to: 1. Elimination of all small combustion operations. 2. Total prohibition of hand firing of solid fuels. 3. Complete removal from the area of all fossil fuel fired steam-electric generating stations. 4. Displacement of personal vehicles and replacement with public transportation. 5. Control of gasoline vapor losses due to storage and handling operations. 6. Automotive emissions. 7. Required use of electric powered (battery, fuel cell, or wire) vehicles. All of these actions would involve economic impact, area acceptability, and time requirements. 8. Fuel standards. 9. New refuse disposal methodology. I. Develop such other recommendations, being as specific as possible, to improve capabilities necessary to assure protection of the air resource for the future. Senator MUSKIE. What is the budget of the New York State Air Pollution Control Board? Mr. RIHм. The present budget, operating budget, of the New York State Air Pollution Control Board to support the full-time services being supplied to the board, is $350,000 per year. This, however, does not include the services that are provided by general sanitation personnel under the general sanitation program of the State of New York. As you know, we have 43 district, county, and city health offices, all of which engage in air pollution activities as part of their general sanitation program. Senator MUSKIE. That $350,000, I take it, does not include, also, the State aid grants? Mr. RIHм. No, sir. Senator MUSKIE. How much is expended in those State aid grants? Mr. RIHм. I do not have those figures readily available. I would be glad to work them up and give them to you for the committee. Senator MUSKIE. That would be helpful for the committee. Mr. RIHм. The reason that I do not have them, sir, is that some of these are included in State aid for the general sanitation programs, and it is not a good breakdown. Senator MUSKIE. To the extent that you could give us a breakdown, that would be helpful. I take it that in New York, since their budget is about $913.000 a year, half of that is provided by the State? Mr. RIHм. Just about half of it is. The only thing that is not reimbursable is when there is a payment like the payment for the charge of the plans. This is subtracted from the reimbursable part, which is a minor amount. (In response to the foregoing request, the following communication was received:) Hon. EDMUND S. MUSKIE, STATE OF NEW YORK, Chairman, Special Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution, U.S. Senate, Committee on Public Works, Washington, D.C. DEAR SENATOR MUSKIE: At the air pollution hearing conducted by your committee in New York City on February 18, 1964, you asked me to supply you with information on State expenditures for air pollution control. The expenditure of State funds for air pollution control falls into four categories: (1) Full-time services for air pollution control board program support; (2) part-time services by district and regional offices of the State health department as part of general sanitation programs; (3) reimbursement to county and city health departments for general sanitation programs which include air pollution activities (75 percent of the first $100,000 and 50-percent reimbursement for expenditures above $100,000); (4) reimbursement to New York City for air pollution control activities under special legislation (50 percent of the first $1 million). I can give you reasonably accurate information on categories 1 and 4, but because air pollution activities are included as part of general sanitation programs in city and county health departments and in district and regional offices of the State health department, I must give you reasonable estimates of the air pollution expenditures based on my knowledge of the activities being carried on by each agency. The expenditures break down as follows: 1. Full-time services for air pollution control board program support__ $374, 728 2. Part-time services by district and regional offices of the State health department as part of general sanitation programs (estimated) ____ 3. Reimbursement to county and city health departments for air pollution activities (total estimated expenditures by these agencies for air pollution activities $250,000-State reimbursement 50 percent) 4. Reimbursement to New York City for the operation of the department of air pollution control_---. Total.. 15.500 125,000 367, 000 882, 228 All of the above figures are for the calendar year 1963. I hope this provides you with the information you desire; if not, please feel free to request additional information. Sincerely, ALEXANDER RIHM, Jr., P.E., Senator MUSKIE. I am curious as to exactly how much authority you have to control air pollution and to abate it. Do you have the authority, the statutory authority, now to require the installation of the crankcase type device in used cars, for example? Mr. RIHм. No, I don't believe that we do specifically under the terms of our present Air Pollution Control Act. Senator MUSKIE. You have authority to approve the devices, but you don't have the authority to require their installation? Mr. RIHм. Not as a general requirement throughout the State. This was the reason for the amendment to the vehicle and traffic law, which is a separate law from the Air Pollution Control Act. Senator MUSKIE. So, you do not now have that authority? Mr. RIHм. The authority to require these devices on new cars is in the vehicle and traffic law, but the vehicle and traffic law contains a provision that they are required subject to approval by the air pollution control board. Senator MUSKIE. That is on new cars? Mr. RIHм. On new cars, yes. Senator MUSKIE. On used cars you have no authority? Senator MUSKIE. Do you think that you should have it? Mr. RIHM. This is a question we viewed in the economics of the situation. As you have brought out this morning, the real problem now here is not dealing with a hundred new car manufacturers, but millions of people, individuals. It means the setting up of a complete system, and in our opinion while this is a very worthwhile direction in which to go, the cost of establishing the system and the length of time that it would require to establish a system on old cars and have them installed-by the time that this was done, why, probably 80 to 90 percent of the cars would probably be equipped with crankcase ventilation devices. Senator MUSKIE. Let me see. I saw a figure the other day that the average age of cars when they are consigned to the scrap heap now is about 14 years. It used to be about half that age. Fourteen years is a long time to stretch out. Of course, at the end of that period it wouldn't be any good. But 14 years is a rather long stretch. I think we are concerned with a very difficult problem here, because at some point I assume that we are going to have not only an effective device to control crankcase emissions, but also exhaust emissions. When we have the technological problem licked, then we are going to be faced with the problem of just how are we going to implement the technological development. Are we going to require new cars, or used cars, too? Have you developed a policy or a recommendation in that connection? Mr. RIHм. No, we have not, sir. Senator MUSKIE. California feels very strongly about it. They feel that as soon as they have the devices developed, that then they should require their use. Mr. RIHм. Yes; but even in California, if my memory serves me right, they have allowed them, I think, until the end of 1965. Senator MUSKIE. On the crankcase, yes. Mr. RIHм. In other words, there is a considerable delay period in here before you can get them installed on all cars. Senator MUSKIE. Of course, 1965 is not too far away. Mr. RIHм. That is true. Senator MUSKIE. But, they are also going to do it with the exhaust emissions as soon as they have a device that is useful. But you have no policy on that as yet? Mr. RIHM. Not yet, sir. Senator MUSKIE. You spoke in your statement of air quality standards that you were developing and that you have assigned to different areas of the State? Mr. RIHм. Yes, sir. Senator MUSKIE. Are these simply going to be advisory or recommendations, or do you have power to enforce them? Mr. RIHM. No; our law requires that we draw up comprehensive abatement plans based on surveys. We will conduct these surveys, assign the objectives to be achieved, and then draw up an abatement plan for each area based on the surveys, which will give us complete information on the various sources in the area. Senator MUSKIE. When you have reached that point, when you have actually an abatement plan, will it have teeth in it? Will you be able to enforce it? Mr. RIHM. We certainly hope so. Senator MUSKIE. Will you have authority to actually prohibit the use of certain kinds of fuels, for example? Mr. RIM. If this is called for, yes. Senator MUSKIE. But, it won't go so far as to enable you to require the installation of these devices on automobiles? Mr. RIHм. There is a provision in our law which says that we have to study areas of the State and then design a comprehensive plan for the control of air pollution in the specific area studied. Our power, insofar as adopting laws such as this requiring statewide control, is limited because of this provision in the law. Senator MUSKIE. So, as I understand it, you have, in every area where you develop an abatement plan, authority to actually enforce abatement, except on automobiles? Mr. RIHM. Just about, yes. Senator MUSKIE. This includes open burning in dumps? Mr. RIHм. Yes. Senator MUSKIE. It would include control of incinerators, domestic and industrial? Mr. RIHм. Yes. Senator MUSKIE. You could control the kinds of fuels to be used? Mr. RIHм. Yes. Senator MUSKIE. Will you be in a position to enforce the use of electrostatic precipitators, for example? Mr. RIHм. Yes. Senator MUSKIE. All these devices, once you have your plan for an area, you can actually enforce under the current law? |