very great, being 45.66 inches, which is nearly as much as falls in Cornwall. The climate of Pisa is genial, but rather heavy and damp. It is softer than that of Nice, but not so warm; less soft, but less heavy and depressing than that of Rome. For invalids who are almost confined to the house, or whose power of taking exercise is much limited, Pisa offers advantages over either Rome or Nice: The Lung' Arno affords a warm site for their residence, as well as a sheltered terrace for their walks. But they must be careful to confine themselves to it. They should not venture into the cross streets before April." 103.

NAPLES. This beautiful city resembles Nice more than any other place, as far as its character of climate is concerned.

The Autumn and Winter are generally mild; but the Spring is subject to cold, sharp, irritating winds, rendered more hurtful to invalids by the heat of a powerful sun. The climate of Naples is much more changeable than that of Nice-and, if somewhat softer in the Winter, is more damp and wet. The sirocco is severely felt at Naples, and but slightly at NICE.

"The mean annual temperature is higher than that of Rome, Pisa, or Nice; but the annual range of mean temperature is very considerable-being 30°; whilst that of Nice is but 28°; and that of Rome only 26°. The distribution of temperature in the different months is more unequal than at Nice or Rome. The daily range of temperature is also very great, being 20 more than at Rome. The temperature likewise varies very much from day to day, as will appear from the following statement:-The mean variation of successive days at Naples is 30-36; at Rome it is 2°.80; at Leghorn 2o.44; at Nice 2°.33. The annual range of atmospheric pressure is very small,-somewhat less than at Rome, and very considerably less than in the south-east of France. Rain falls less frequently at Naples than at Rome." 105.

Catarrhal affections are the most common popular diseases at Naples. Consumption is not very frequent or rapid in its course. Autumn is the most fatal season for the consumptive in this place. Rheumatism is very frequent, as are also cutaneous complaints and ophthalmia.

"Of Naples as a residence for invalids it is unnecessary to say much. Consumptive patients should certainly not be sent there. The circumstances which have been pointed out in its climate, sufficiently mark it as a very unsuitable residence for this class of persons; and to the list of its defects must be added that of its topographical position, which affords no proper places for exercise, without such exposure as would prove highly injurious to delicate invalids. For chronic rheumatism it is, as compared with Nice and Rome, certainly inferior. Naples is however well suited as a winter residence for those who are labouring under general debility and derangement of the constitution without any marked local disease. The beauty of its situation, the briliancy of its skies, and the interest excited by the surrounding scenery, render it a very desirable and very delightful winter residence, for those who rather require mental amusement and recreation for the restoration of their general health, than medical treatment for any particular disease." 107.

ROME. The climate of the 'everlasting city' is mild and soft, but rather relaxing and oppressive. Its mean annual temperature is ten degrees higher than that of London, eight higher than that of Penzance, &c. In range of temperature Rome has the advan tage of Naples, Pisa, and Provence-but not of NICE. Its diurnal range is nearly double that of London, Gosport, Penzance, and Madeira. In steadiness of temperature, from day to day, (in which our own country, with the exception of Penzance, is so deficient,) Rome follows Madeira, Nice, Pisa, Leghorn-but precedes Naples and Pau. With regard to humidity, Rome, though a soft, cannot be considered a damp climate. Compared with Provence and Nice, we find that one-third more rain falls at Rome, and on a greater number of days. It is, however, considerably drier than Pisa --and very much drier than the south-west of France.

"At Penzance there falls about one-third more rain than at Rome, and the number of rainy days is also about one-third greater. This circumstance, together with a greater evaporation going on at Rome, owing to its higher temperature must make a considerable difference in the hygrometrical state of the atmosphere, at the two places. Rome is not so dry as Madeira; as there falls one-sixth more rain at the former place, and the proportion of wet days is as 117 to 73. From these comparisons, it would appear that the climate of Rome, in regard to its physical qualities, is altogether the best of any in Italy. One peculiarity of it, deserving notice, is the stillness of its atmosphere; high winds being comparatively of rare occurrence. And this quality of calmness is valuable in a winter climate for pulmonary diseases; more especially for diseases of the larynx, trachea, and bronchia. It is also of great importance to invalids generally, as it enables them to take exercise in the open air at a much lower temperature, than they could otherwise do. To patients labouring under bronchial irritation, wind is peculiarly hurtful. When wind does occur at Rome, during the winter and spring, it is generally from the north, (tramontana,) at least when it continues for any considerable time. From this quarter there are occasional storms of cold wind; but these are of short duration, being limited, with surprising regularity, to three days. The Tramontana is a dry, keen, and irritating wind, resembling in its effects the cold sharp winds of Provence; and is equally to be guarded against by invalids; who should not stir out of the house while it blows with much force. The effects of this wind are accurately described by Celsus :- Aquilo tussim movet, fauces exasperat, ventrem adstringit, urinam supprimit, horrores excitat item dolorem lateris et pectoris. Sanum tamen corpus spissat et mobilius atque expeditius reddit.' The southerly winds during the winter and spring do not produce much inconvenience to invalids at Rome. Even the relaxing and enervating effects of the Sirocco are not much felt, except by the more sensitive, and plethoric among the healthy, and by them only after it has continued to blow for a few days. Debilitated invalids, on the other hand, who suffer from great irritability, and a great degree of morbid sensibility of body, commonly feel the winter sirocco pleasant. In its effects on the body, this wind is directly opposed to the Tramontana. 'Auster aures hebetat, sensus tardat capitis dolorem movet, alvum solvit, totum corpus efficit hebes, humidum, languidum.' Notwithstanding the character given of this wind by Celsus, it is the favourite of the modern Romans; and during the prevalence of the winter sirocco they feel the full enjoyment of health. In the months of March and April, winds are more frequent at Rome; they set in generally in the forenoon and continue till sunset, when they generally subside, leaving the nights calm and serene; and with a cloudless brilliancy which, at this season, is peculiar to Italy. The effects of these keen spring winds, combined with that of a powerful sun, are severely felt by the sensitive invalid; though, as far as I could observe or learn from the testimony of others, these effects are considerably less in degree than those resulting from the same causes, during this season, at Nice and perhaps even at Pisa." 111.

We must pass over the malarious and other diseases prevalent at Rome, (because we shall notice them separately) in order to advert to some other points connected with cli mate as affecting invalids.

SUMMER RESIDENCE.

This is a matter of great importance to those who resort to Italy or other southern situations for the winter. To those who have wintered in Italy, two plans present themselves for Summer-either to re-cross the Alps, or to select the most favourable spot on the Italian side. By the first, the invalid will escape the oppressive heat of the Italian Summerby the latter he will avoid the inconvenience and expense of a long journey. Dr. C. advíses consumptive invalids generally to quit Italy-among consumptive invalids he includes all those who are threatened with phthisis. The heat of Italy will disagree in proportion to the advanced period of the disease. There may be a few exceptions, among those of torpid constitutious, with little nervous excitability, and defective cutaneous secretions. These may more safely remain beyond the Alps. The spots selected for this

purpose are usually, Naples and its vicinity, Sienna, and the Baths of Lucca. These are most eligible summer residences south of the Appenines. We can only notice the

BATHS OF LUCCA.

This agreeable little watering place is situated among the Appenines behind Lucca, and is much frequented during the Summer, on account of the coolness of the air and the medicinal powers of its waters. The mean temperature of the Summer here is about six degrees higher than the Summer in London. In the middle of the day, however, the heat is very great-the evenings and nights being cool and pleasant.

SWITZERLAND.

This interesting country presents many conveniences for the invalid; but our author cautions the phthisical patient against the sudden and great vicissitudes experienced among the Alps. Those, however, who are only threatened with consumption may pass the summer in Switzerland, provided common caution is taken against aerial vicissitudes. They should avoid, he properly observes, those excursions which require great exertionscause much fatigue-and expose to currents of cold air when the body is heated.

"It will not, I hope, be supposed from any thing now stated, that I wish to throw obstacles in the way of young persons threatened with consumption taking exercise in the open air. This is so far from being my intention, that I think such persons can hardly be too much in the open air. All I wish to inculcate is, that they should be careful not to convert the best of all preventives into a source of evil. For this class of invalids, horse exercise is of all others the most favourable. I am convinced from experience that frequent and gentle motion through a mild atmosphere is one of the most soothing and invigorating measures which we possess, for allaying an irritated and congested state of the mucous membranes of the lungs and improving the general health.” 146.

Of the different parts of Switzerland, Dr. C. prefers the neighbourhood of Geneva. Vevey is hot in July and August-and the higher situations about Lausanne are exposed to the cutting Bise wind.

We must close the climate of Switzerland, and we may say of Europe, with the following short extract respecting the

"CURE DE RAISINS."

"The subjects of pulmonary affections, who have spent the summer in Switzerland, will do well to try the Cure de Raisins.' Of the salutary effects of ripe grapes, taken in considerable quantity for some time, there can be no question. In irritation of the mucous membrane of the lungs and digestive organs, and in congestive states of the abdominal viscera, with a disposition to hæmorrhoids, ripe grapes taken, for some weeks, in the quantity of several pounds a day, with a light diet, and abstinence from wine, and every thing exciting, will often prove very beneficial." 149.

The first part of the work before us closes with some account of the climate of Madeira, taken chiefly from the writings of Drs. Heineken and Renton, with which we have long ago made our readers acquainted. The second part of the volume, on Diseases of the Chest and Abdomen, will furnish another article in our next number.

It will be evident to our readers, even from the extracts which we have given, that Dr. Clark deserves great praise for the pains, which he has taken in collecting climatorial facts and observations on the various places resorted to by invalids for health. Dr. C.'s writings are characterized more by judgment than by genius-by patient research and careful observation than by originality of thought, and splendour of talent. His language, as our readers must have observed, is as pure as the virgin snow on the summit of MONTE

Rosa-and almost as cold! Dr. Clark is a philosopher of the first water. He can tread on the ashes of the Caesars, the senators and the poets of Rome, with as much sang froid as on the Macademised pebbles in Hanover Square! The sight or the recollections of the Tarpeian rock, the chaffing Tiber, the peaceful Tusculum, the tomb of Virgil, or the fiery floods of Vesuvius, never appear to excite an emotion in his mind perturbative of the calm tenor of investigation in which he is engaged ::-at all events no emotion is suffered to clothe itself in the garb of language! So again, our most philosophic author can traverse the horrid steeps of the Grimsel, the terrific precipices of St. Gothard, or the yawning crevasses of the Glaciers, in quest of health, or in meditation on climate, with as much composure of mind as he would pace the trottoir of Oxford Street, or ascend the stairs of a patient's bed-chamber. Do we upbraid him with this imperturbable philosophy

We think the ROMANS call it Stoicism?

Far from it! We admire that "singleness of heart," as well as of imagination, which can remain unimpressed and unimpassioned by every surrounding scene or circumstance, save that which forms the immediate subject of inquiry-the useful object of pursuit !

Dr. Clark's work must form an indispensible companion to every invalid who seeks restoration of health or prolongation of life beneath a milder sky than that which lowers over his native land. It will form a very useful book of reference for the medical practitioners of this country, few of whom fail to be consulted as to the influence of change of climate over various diseases. But as there is a large class of our brethren who will not, or cannot purchase or peruse new publications, we have taken considerable pains in placing within theic reach a great mass of useful climatorial information, British and foreign, in this article. In this part our labour has, of course, been purely analytical. In the succeeding article, on the nature and treatment of various important diseases, we may take the opporty of offering some comments on certain points of doctrine and practice laid down in the work of the amiable and intelligent author before us. In the mean time we have no hesitation in saying that this volume on Climate has added considerably to the well-earned reputation which Dr. Clark had previously acquired by his private practice and public writings.

XIV.

TRAVELS IN TURKEY, EGYPT, NUBIA, AND PALESTINE, IN 1824-5-6 AND 7. By R. R. Madden, Member of the Royal College of Surgeons. Two vols. 8vo. June, 1829.

THERE is no profession, or even trade, so easily carried from country to country, and at the same time so marketable, as PHYSIC. The lawyer requires a cart-load of statutes and precedents—and after all they would be useless, the moment he leaves his native land. The divine indeed may carry a good stock of theology in his head, yet he finds it a very unsaleable commodity, except among savages. But, as men die in every country, and generally fall ill before they die, so the doctor is every where sure of employment-even among the rankest fatalists, or professors of Islamism. The principles of our science are of course, carried in our heads:-and the instruments of our art-the meteriel with which we work, may often be enfolded in our turbans, when in Turkish costume. A sharp lancet -an ounce or two of calomel-a few packets of James' powder-and some sulphate of quinine, will generally prove the essential articles. Most of the auxiliaries in the methodus medendi may be found indigenous in the countries through which we travel. This being the case, we think we may, without prejudice or partiality, affirm that a medical man, ceteris paribus, is the best calculated for travelling through foreign realms, especially through those where science and civilization are still in the rear. The medical character is far more sacred than the clerical in such countries. Physic interferes not with men's moral, political, or religious opinions. It removes, or professes to remove bodily ailments,

leaving the patient to his own doctrines and inclinations in all other respects. It was well observed by the Earl of Blessington, to the author of these travels, previous to his embarkation at Naples, that "the medical profession afforded the best passport to a traveller in the East; and gave him access to the habitations, and even to the HAREMS of a people, whose prejudices debarred other Europeans from that intercourse with them, which is essential to a knowledge of their modes and customs." The author soon found the truth of these observations; but, as Herodotus was restrained by religious awe, from disclosing the secrets of the sanctuary, when treating of the worship of the Egyptians, so our judicious traveller allows himself only to describe, in the penetralia of the harem, what is fit to reach the ear-perhaps a little less than what met the eye.

Mr. Madden appears to possess, independent of his professional character, many essential qualifications of a traveller. These are, youth, strong physical constitution, zeal almost romantic, a temper peculiarly placid, (which, by the way, contributed much to the success of his enterprizes, and, in many instances, saved his life,)-facility of acquiring languages, good general education, great readiness and even happiness in clothing his ideas in easy, not to say elegant, dress. We are exceedingly glad that he either possessed not, or exercised not, a mania for exploring

“Antiquities of nations now no more.”

Instead of employing his time in measuring the altitudes and dimensions of every old pillar, temple, or pyramid, which fell in his way, together with all this kind of research, Mr. Madden travelled with the eye of a painter, and the mind of a philosopher-drawing accurate portraits of men and things, as they are-and reflecting, in his leisure moments, on what he had seen and described. The result has been one of the most amusing and instructive books of travels which we have ever perused. Were this a general, not a medical review, we should proceed to prove the truth of what we have advanced; but the nature of this Journal limits us to the notice only of some of the medical remarks and facts contained in the volumes before us. Considering that the work is destined for general readers, the medical portions of it cannot be subjected to rigid professional criticism, since it is obvious that the author could not put them in a shape or condition calculated for exclusive medical perusal. Nevertheless, they will be found by no means undeserving of notice.

Practice of Physic in Constantinople. There are about 50 medical practitioners in the renowned city of Constantine, principally Franks from Italy and Malta-a few Ionian Greeks, and Arminians. There are two regularly educated English physicians, highly respected by the disciples of Cross and Crescent. The following passage may appear very droll-but it is not so very different from the customs of cities farther North than Constantinople, as some may imagine.

"Every medico has his allotted quarter; he beats this ground daily in pursuit of patients, and visits all the coffee-houses in the district with a Greek drogueman, as interpreter, at his heels, whose occupation it is to scent out sickness, and to extol the doctor. They are ever to be found on the most public bench of the coffee-shop, smoking with profound gravity, and prying into the features of those around them, for a symptom of disease. I confess I had to descend to this degradation, to get practice, in order to become acquainted with the domestic customs of the people. The first day my drogueman, who had just left the service of a Roman doctor, and had been practising on his own account since his discharge (for all droguemen become doctors) took upon him to teach me my professional duty, which he made to consist, in never giving advice before I got my fee, in never asking questions of