state enumerate certain state officers who shall be permitted to ride free. Most of the states that have legislated on scalping have in the same act inserted provisions relating to the redemption of unused or unused portions of tickets. The lists are not entirely identical, scalping being prohibited without providing for the redemption of tickets, and vice versa, in a few states. The nature of legislation of this kind may be illustrated by the following: 1

"SECTION 1. No person other than a duly authorized agent of the railroad company issuing the same, shall sell, offer for sale, or rent any railroad mileage book or any coupons therefrom, or any other railroad tickets limited to the use of a person or persons thereon specified at the time of its issuance by the railroad company, under a penalty of not less than $10 nor more than $100 for each offence, to be recovered on complaint.

"SECTION 2. No person other than the one specified in any railroad mileage book or other railroad ticket limited to the use of the person or persons specified thereon at the time of its issuance by the railroad company, shall offer for passage or in payment for transportation on any railroad any such mileage book or coupons therefrom, or any other railroad ticket limited. as aforesaid, under a penalty of not less than $1 nor more than $10 for each offence, to be recovered on complaint.

1 Laws of Maine, 1899, ch. 69.

"SECTION 3. Any railroad company which shall issue a mileage book limited to the person or persons named therein, shall, upon presentation thereof by the person to whom such book was issued or his legal representatives, at some one or more of its principal stations in each county through which its road runs, to be designated by such company, at any time after one year from the time when such book was issued, redeem all the coupons then attached to such book at the same rate per mile as such mileage book was sold at."

A similar law passed by the legislature of New York has recently been declared unconstitutional. Other states prescribing the sale of railway tickets through authorized officers are: Florida, Illinois, Minnesota, Montana, New Jersey, Iowa, Texas, and Pennsylvania. In Montana the railway company must provide its agents with certificates which, when presented to the secretary of state, entitle the holder to a certificate authorizing him to sell tickets for the railway in question on the payment of $1. Selling tickets without such a license is unlawful.

The redemption of unused or unused portions of tickets has been provided for by law in Pennsylvania since 1863. Other states having statutory requirements to this effect are Alabama, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, and Minnesota.

Laws governing the free transportation, or transportation at reduced rates, of certain persons or classes of persons, have been enacted in less

than one-fourth of the states, most of these making it a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine, forfeiture of of office, or otherwise, for persons holding public offices to accept passes or tickets. at rates other than those charged to the public at large. Excursion and commutation tickets and reduced rates for exhibitions, fairs, political and other gatherings may still be granted, as well as special favors extended to charitable, religious, reformatory, and other institutions. States having legislated on this topic are Alabama, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wisconsin. In most of these the law takes the form of positive prohibition of the acceptance of passes on the part of public officials. In 1899 Minnesota passed a law making it obligatory for railway companies to grant free transportation to shippers of car-load lots of live stock. Free baggage is expressly provided for by the laws of a number of states, 150 pounds being the usual exemption on first-class tickets. In recent years laws declaring bicycles baggage have been enacted. in a number of states.

Long and Short Hauls. With the exception of discriminations and reasonable rates, there is no subject which the decisions of the Interstate Commerce Commission touch more frequently than that of long and short hauls. During the period covered by its first annual report fifty-eight petitions, representing ninety-five different railways, were

presented to this body for relief under the fourth section of the interstate-commerce law, commonly known as the long and short haul clause. The question of long and short hauls is chiefly an interstate matter, yet nearly one-half of the state laws contain the long and short haul provision in one form or another, that used in the interstate-commerce law being the most common. Among the states prohibiting a greater charge for a shorter distance included within the longer for transportation in the same direction over the same line, under substantially similar conditions, ten introduced the much needed element of elasticity in that the respective railway commissions, or other authority, may permit the suspension of the long and short haul provision in certain cases and under certain conditions.

"That it shall be unlawful for any common carrier, subject to the provisions of this act, to charge or receive any greater compensation in the aggregate for the transportation of passengers or of like kind of property, under substantially similar circumstances and conditions, for a shorter than for a longer distance over the same line, in the same direction, the shorter being included within the longer distance; but this shall not be construed as authorizing any common carrier within the terms of this act to charge and receive as great a compensation for a shorter as for a longer distance: Provided, however, That upon application to the board appointed

under the provisions of this act, such common carrier may, in special cases, after investigation by the board, be authorized to charge less for longer than for shorter distances for the transportation of passengers or property; and the board may, from time to time, prescribe the extent to which such designated common carrier may be relieved from the operation of this section of this act.

"No railroad corporation shall charge or receive for the transportation of freight to any station on its road a greater sum than is at the time charged or received for the transportation of the like class and quantity of freight from the same original point of departure to a station at a greater distance on its road in the same direction. Two or more railroad corporations whose roads connect shall not charge or receive for the transportation of freight to any station on the road of either of them a greater sum than is at the time charged or received for the transportation of the like class and quantity of freight from the same original point of departure to a station at a greater distance on the road of either of them in the same direction. In the construction of this section the sum charged or received for the transportation of freight shall include all terminal charges, and the road of a corporation shall include all the road in use by it, whether owned or operated under a contract or lease."

This brings before us a typical provision gov