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bloodless animals, which modern disco veries have shewn to be contrary to fact: some of them, as the cimex lectularius, have been frequently used with the microscope, to exhibit in a striking manner the circulation of the blood. In this insect, with a good glass, the vibrations and contractions of the arteries may be distinctly observed.

Most insects are oviparous; of course, the first state in which insects appear is that of an ovum or egg. This relates to the generality of insects, for there are some examples of viviparous insects, as in the genera Aphis, Musca, &c. From the egg is hatched the insect in its second or caterpillar state; this second state has been usually known by the name of eruca, but Linnæus has changed it to that of LARVA, which see; considering it as a sort of masked form or disguise of the insect in its complete state. The larvæ of insects differ very much from each other, according to the several tribes to which they belong; those of the butterfly and moth tribe (phalæna) are generally known by the name of caterpillars; those of the beetle (scarabaus), except such as inhabit the water, are of a thick, clumsy form. The larvæ of the locust, or grasshopper, (gryllus), do not differ very much in appearance from the complete insect, except being without wings. The larvae of flies, bees, (musca, apis,) &c. are generally known by the name of maggots, and are of thick short form. Those of water-beetles (dytiscus) are of highly singular forms, and differ, perhaps, more from that of the complete insect than any others, except those of the butterfly tribe. Some insects undergo no change of shape, but are hatched from the egg complete in all their parts, and they undergo no farther alteration than that of casting their skin from time to time, till they acquire the complete resemblance of the parent animal. In the larvæ state most insects are peculiarly voracious, as in many of the common caterpillars. In their perfect state some insects, as butterflies, are satisfied with the lightest nutriment, while others devour animal and vegetable substances with a considerable degree of avidity. When the larvæ is about to change into the chrysalis or pupa state, it ceases to feed, and having placed itself in some quiet situation, lies still for several hours, and then, by a sort of effort, it divests itself of its external skin, and immediately appears in the different form of a chrysalis or pupa ;

in this state likewise, the insects of dif ferent genera differ almost as much as the larva. In most of the beetle tribe it is furnished with short legs, capable of some degree of motion, though very rarely exerted. In the butterfly tribe it is destitute of legs; but in the locust tribe it differs very little from the perfect insect, except in not having the wings complete. In most of the fly tribe it is perfectly oval, without any apparent motion or distinction of parts. The pupa of the bee is not so shapeless as that of flies, exhibiting the faint appearance of limbs. Those of the dragon-fly (libellula) differ most widely from the appearance of the complete insect; from the pupa emerges the insect in its ultimate form, from which it never changes, nor receives any farther increase of growth.

Different naturalists have attempted to arrange insects into families and genera, particularly the celebrated Linnæus, whose arrangement may be thus explained. He has formed them into seven families or orders, composing his sixth class of animals, Insecta: he defines an insect, a small animal, breathing through pores on its sides, furnished with moveable antennæ and many feet, covered with either a hard crust or a hairy skin. As introductory to the distinguishing marks of the orders and genera, it will be necessary to enumerate and explain the terms given to the different parts, and the most remarkable of the epithets he has applied to them. The body is divided into head, trunk, abdomen, and extremities.

I. Caput, the head, which is distinguishable in most insects, is furnished with eyes, antennæ, and most frequently with a mouth; the eyes, two, four, six, or eight in number, destitute of eye-lids, are either small and simple; or large, compound, and hemispherical; or polyedral; they are commonly immoveable; they are called stipitati, when placed on a stalk. The antennæ are two articulated moveable processes, placed on the head; they are either, 1. Setacea, setaceous, i. e. like a bristle, when they taper gradually from their base, or inserted into the head to their point. 2. Clavatæ, clavated, i. e. club-shaped, when they grow gradually thicker from their base to their point. 3. Filiformes, filiform, i. e. threadshaped, when they are of an equal thickness throughout the whole of their length. 4. Moniliformes, moniliform, i. e. of the form of a necklace, when they are of an equal thickness throughout, but formed of a series of knobs, resembling a string of

beads. 5. Capitatæ, capitate, when they grow thicker towards the point, and terminate in a knob or head. 6. Fissiles, fissile, i. e. cleft, when they are capitate, and have the head or knob divided longitudinally into three or four parts or laminæ. 7. Perfoliatæ, perfoliated, when the head or knob is divided horizontally. 8. Pectinatæ, pectinated, i. e. resembling a comb, when they have a longitudinal series of hairs projecting from them, in form of a comb. 9. Barbatæ, barbed, when they have little projections or barbs placed on their sides; they are either longiores, longer than the body; breviores, shorter than the body; or, mediocres, of the same length with the body. The mouth, in most insects, is placed in the under part of the head; sometimes, however, it is situated in the thorax, and in a few instances is entirely wanting; it is furnished with palpæ, or feelers; rostrum, i. e. beak or snout; la bium, or lip; maxillæ, or jaws, placed transversely, and moving laterally; dentes, or teeth; lingua, or tongue; palatum, or palate the feelers, which are four or six in number, are attached to the mouth, and have two, four, or three articulations: the stemmata are three prominent shining points on the top of the head.

II. Truncus, the trunk, to which the legs are attached, is situated between the head and the abdomen; it is divided into, 1. The thorax, or chest, which is the superior part. 2. Scutellum, i. e. small shield or escutcheon, which is the posterior part. 3. The breast and sternum, which is the inferior part.

III. The Abdomen, that part which contains the stomach, intestines, and other viscera, consists of several annular segments; it is perforated on the sides with spiracula, or breathing-holes; the upper part of it is termed tergum, or back; the inferior part venter, or belly; the posterior part anus.

IV. Artus, the extremities, are the wings, legs, and tail.

(I.) Alæ, the wings, are two or four; they are either, 1. Planæ, i. e. plain, such as cannot be folded up by the insect: or 2. Plica tiles, or folding, such as can be folded up by the insect at pleasure. 3. Erectæ, erect, such as have their superior surfaces brought into contact, and stand upright when the insect is at rest. 4. Patentes, spreading; such as are extended horizontally. 5. Incumbentes, incunibent; such as rest on the upper part of the abdomen. 6. Deflexæ, bent down; such as are partly incumbent, but have their exterior edge inclined to

wards the sides of the abdomen. 7. Reversæ, reversed; such as are incumbent, but inverted. 8. Dentatæ, such as have their edges notched or serrated. 9. Caudatæ, such as have processes extended from their extremitres like a tail. 10. Reticulatæ, netted; when the vessels of the wings put on the appearance of net-work. 11. Pictæ, painted; such as are marked with coloured spots, bands, streaks, lines, or dots. 12. Notatæ, marked with specks. 13. Ornatæ, adorned with little eyes, or circular spots, containing a spot of a different colour in their centre: the central spot is termed pupil; the exterior one is called iris; this may happen either in the primary or se condary wings, on their upper or under surfaces: the superior wing is called primary, and the inferior secondary, to avoid confusion, as they may be at times reversed. The elytra are hard shells, occupying the place of the upper wings. They are for the most part moveable, and are either, 1. Truncata, truncated, when shorter than the abdomen, and terminated by a transverse line. 2. Spinosa, or prickly, when their surfaces are covered with sharp points or prickles. 3. Serrata, serrated, when their edges are notched. 4. Scabra, rough, when their surface resembles a file. 5. Striata, striated, when marked with slender longitudinal furrows, 6. Porcata, ridged, when marked with elevated ridges. 7. Sulcata, furrowed. 8. Punctata, marked with dots. 9. Fastigiata, when formed like the roof of a house. The hemelytra, as it were half-elytra, partaking partly of the nature of crustaceous shells, and membranaceous wings, being formed of an intermediate substance. Halteres, or poisers, are small orbicular bodies placed on stalks, situated under the wings of insects, of the order Dip

tera.

(II.) Pedes, the legs, are divided into, 1. Femur, or thigh, that part which is joined to the trunk. 2. Tibia, or shank. 3. Tarsus, or foot. 4. Ungues, hooks or nails. 5. Manus, (chela), hands or claws, simple, with a moveable thumb, as in the crab. The hind legs are termed, 1. Cursorii, formed for running. 2. Saltatorii, formed for leaping. 3. Natatorii, formed for swimming.

(III.) Cauda, the tail, which terminates the abdomen, is 1. Solitaria, i. e. single. 2. Bicornis, i. e, two-horned, or double. 3. Simplex, simple, i. e. unarmed. 4. Armata, i. e. furnished; 1. with forceps or pincers: 2. with furca, a fork: 3. with one

or more setæ, or bristles: 4. with an aculeus, or sting, either smooth or barbed. A sting is a weapon frequently hollow, with which some insects are furnished, and through which they discharge a poison into the wound they inflict.

The sexes of insects are commonly two, male and female. Neuters are to be met with among those insects which live in swarms, such as ants, bees, &c.

The majority of insects are observed to be annual, finishing the whole term of their lives in the space of a year or less, and many do not live half that time; nay, there are some which do not survive many hours; but this latter period is to be understood only of the animals when in their complete or ultimate form, for the larvæ of such as are of this short duration have in reality lived a very long time under water, of which they are natives; and it is observed, that water insects, in general, are of longer duration than land insects. Some few insects, however, in their complete state, are supposed to live a considerable time, as bees for instance; and it is well known that some of the butterfly tribe, though the major part perish before winter, will yet survive that season in a state of torpidity, and again appear and fly abroad in the succeeding spring; spiders are also thought to live a considerable time, and some species of the genus cancer are said to live several years, especially the common lobster, &c.: it should be observed, however, that these animals, in the opinion of some modern naturalists, constitute a different tribe of beings from insects properly so called. Linnæus has divided insects into seven orders, I. COLEOPTERA; II. HEMIPTERA; III. LEPIDOPTERA; IV. NEUROPTERA; V. HYMEROPTERA ; VI. DIPTERA; VII. APTERA, which see: and from these the several genera are referred to.

ENTRY, in law, is the taking possession of lands or tenements where the party has a title of entry, or an immediate right to possess them. This may be in person or by attorney, or is an entry in law, which is merely the making continual claim, by law considered equivalent to entry. A right of entry is when a party may have his remedy either by entering into the lands, or by action to recover it. A title of entry is where one has a lawful entry in the land which another has, but has no action to recover it till he has entered.

Entry is a summary remedy against certam species of injury by ouster, or putting VOL. III.

out of possession of lands; when the party must make a formal but peaceable entry, declares that he takes possession; or may enter upon any part in the same county in the name of the whole; and if he cannot go upon the land for bodily fear, he may make a claim as near the estate as he can, which must be repeated once within every year and day, and is called continual claim. This remedy is admitted only where the adverse possession originally commenced by wrong, as in the instances technically called abatement, intrusion, or disseisin. On a discontinuance or deforcement the party is put to his action. Even in the former cases, when the original wrongful possessor dies, and the land comes to his heir, the right of entry is tolled, i. e. taken away by the descent. If the claimant was under disability, from age, coverture, &c. the entry is not tolled by descent; nor in case of an actual disseisin, unless the disseisor was in peaceable possession for five years. Stat. 32 Henry VIII. c. 33. Entry must be made within 20 years after the claimant's right shall accrue, 21 Jac. I. c. 16; and by 4 and 5 Anne c. 16, no entry shall avail to save this statute, unless an action is commenced and prosecuted with effect upon it within one year after; and, finally, by stat. 5 Ric. II. st. 1. c. 8, entry must be pursued in a peaceable manner; for if one turns or keeps another out of possession forcibly, it is not only the subject of a civil remedy, but of a fine and punishment for a misde

meanor.

ENTRY, the writ of, is a possessory remedy which disproves the title of the tenant or possessor, by shewing the unlawful means by which he entered or continues in possession. It was formerly an usual mode of recovering lands, but is now disused for the more convenient action of ejectment, and is never brought when that remedy can be used. There is much nice technical learning concerning it, which it would be vain to attempt to abridge in a popular work. It derives different denominations from the different cases to which the writ is applied, and those are generally derived from the terms in which it states the wrongful entry to have been made, or sets out the different degrees of descent through which the lands have passed in the possession of the wrongful tenants. After a certain degree of descents these are no longer noticed in the writ. The writ against the immediate wrong doer is called a writ of entry in nature of assize; that upon one descent,

D

an entry sur disseisin in the per, and upon an entry where the first disseisor has enfeoffed another, and he a third, it is an entry sur disseisin in le per et eni. An entry in le post states only that the tenant hath not entry but after (post) the disseisin of A. B. which is allowed in cases beyond the foregoing degrees. There are other writs adapted to particular cases, which we shall only mention by name, and refer to the larger dictionaries of the law for their precise meaning: such are

ENTRY ad communem legem, for the reversioner of tenants in dower by courtesy for life, &c.

ENTRY ad terminum qui præteriit, a writ for the reversioner after the end of a term or estate for life, against a stranger in possession.

ENTRY in casu consimili.
ENTRY in casu proviso.

ENTRY causa matrimonii prælocuti. Several points of law occur, as to the effect of an entry in the case of joint tenancy and coparcenary; of entry by the heir; of entry to divest an estate; to take advantage of a condition which cannot be investigated here; but in general it may be observed, that a bare entry, without expulsion, makes only a seisin; so that the law thereupon adjudges him in possession who has the right.

ENVELOPE, in fortification, a work of earth, sometimes in form of a simple parapet, and at others, like a small rampart with a parapet: it is raised sometimes on the ditch, and sometimes beyond it.

ENVOY, a person deputed to negotiate some affair with any foreign prince or state. Those sent from the courts of France, Britain, Spain, &c. to any petty prince or state, such as the princes of Germany, the republics of Venice, Genoa, &c. go in quality of envoys, not embassadors; and such a character only do those persons bear, who go from any of the principal courts of Europe to another, when the affair they go upon is not very solemn or important. There are envoys ordinary and extraordinary, as well as embassadors; they are equally the same under the protection of the law of nations, and enjoy all the privileges of embassadors, only differing from them in this, that the same ceremonies are not performed to them.

ENURE, in law, to take place or effect, or be available, as a release made to a tenant for a term of life, shall enure to him in the reversion.

EPACRIS, in botany, a genus of the Pentandria Monogynia class and order. Calyx five-parted; corolla funnel-form, villous; nectariferous scales growing to the germ; capsule five-celled, five-valved; the partitions from the middle of the valves; seeds minute and numerous. There are four species, natives of New Zealand.

EPACT, a number arising from the excess of the common solar year above the lunar, whereby the age of the moon may be found out every year. See CHRONOLOGY. The excess of the solar year above the lunar is 11 days; or the epact of any year expresses the number of days from the last new moon of the old year, which was the beginning of the present lunar year to the first of January. The first year of the cycle of the moon, the epact is 0, because the lunar year begins with the solar. On the second, the lunar year has begun 11 days before the solar year, therefore the epact is 11. On the third, it has begun twice 11 before the solar year, therefore the epact is 22. On the fourth, it begins three times 11 days sooner than the solar year, the epact would therefore be 33; but 30 days being a synodical month, must that year be intercalated; or that year must be reckoned to consist of thirteen synodical months, and there remains three, which is the true epact of the year; and so on to the end of the cycle, adding 11 to the epact of the last year, and always rejecting 30, gives the epact of the present year. Thus to adjust the lunar year to the solar through the whole of 19 years, 12 of them must consist of 12 synodical months each, and 7 of 13, by adding a month of 30 days to every year when the epact would exceed 30, and a month of 29 days to the last year of the cycle, which makes in all 209 days, i. e. 19 x 11; so that the intercalary or embolimaan years in this cycle are 4, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18, 19.

If the new moons returned exactly at the same time after the expiration of nineteen years, as the council of Nice supposed they would do (when they fixed the rule for the observation of Easter, and marked the new moons in the calendar for each year of the lunar cycle) then the golden number multiplied by 11, would always give the epact. But in a Julian century, the new moons anticipate, or happen earlier than that council imagined they would by of a day. In a Gregorian common century, which is one day shorter than a Julian century, they happen of a day later, (1 day- &=}{})• Now 3 for the three common

centuries, but

being subtracted, on account of the Gregorian bissextile century, there will remain Therefore in four Gregorian centuries the new moons will happen later by 4 of a day, and the epacts must be decreased accordingly.

At present the Gregorian epact is 11 days short of the Julian epact; but the quotient of the number of the centuries divided by 4, which at this time is 4, multiplied by, with the addition of the remainder 1 multiplied by, makes in all but, or 7 days +; therefore, i. e. 3 days + must be added to complete the 11 days. Whence we have the following

General rule for finding the Gregorian Epact for ever. Divide the centuries of any year of the Christian æra by 4, (rejecting the subsequent numbers ;) multiply the remainder by 17, and to this product add the quotient multiplied by 43; divide the product+86 by 25; multiply the golden numher by 11, from which subtract the last quotient; and rejecting the thirties, the remainder will be the epact.

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according to the rank of the wearer and for the same reason they are made either of worsted, or of silver or gold lace. In France all degrees of rank in the army may be instantly known from the epaulette; but this is not the case here. Lately epaulettes have been introduced into the navy, and in that service the following are the gradations of rank as distinguished by them. Masters and commanders have one epaulette on the left shoulder: post captains under three years, one epaulette on the right shoulder, afterwards two epaulettes: rear admirals have one star on the strap of the epaulette, vice-admirals two stars, and admirals three stars.

EPHA, or EPHAH, in Jewish antiquity, a measure for things dry, containing 1.0961 of a bushel. See MEASURE.

EPHEDRA, in botany, a genus of the Dioecia Monodelphia class and order. Natural order of Coniferæ. Essential character: male, calyx of the ament two-cleft; corolla none; stamens seven; anthers four inferior, three superior: female, calyx twoparted, five-fold; corolla none; pistils two; seeds covered with a berried calyx. There are two species; viz. E. distachya, great shrubby horse-tail, or sea-grape, and E. monostachya, small shrubby horse tail. These plants vary extremely. Some in the south of Europe are only a hand in height, whilst others are three feet: they are found in most of the southern parts of the Russian dominions, from the Volga to the Lena, and southwards to Persia and India. The berheat in the throat: they are eaten by the ries are sweetish, mucose, and leave a little Russian peasants, and the wandering hordes

of all Great Tartary.

EPHEMERA, day fly, in natural history, a genus of insects of the order Neuroptera. Mouth without mandibles; feelers four, very short, filiform; antennæ short, filiform; above the eyes are two or three large stemmata; wings erect, the lower ones much shorter; tail terminating in long bristles or hairs. These short-lived animals, of which there are about twenty species, in two divisions, according as they have two or three hairs in the tail, are found every where about waters in the summer, and in their perfect state seldom live more than a day, some of them not an hour, during which time they perform all the functions of life, and answer all the ends of nature. larva lives under water, and is eagerly sought after by trout and other fish: it is six-footed, active, and furnished with a tail

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