OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS RELATING TO THE CIRCULATION OF THE PRODUCE OF LABOUR BY MEANS OF COMMERCE.
Introduction, on the importance of Commerce, 249.
Of the causes of the Circulation of the produce of Labour, 253. CHAP. II.
Of the Value of the Produce of Labour, 255: this Value is regu- lated, 1st, by the wants of the Consumers and their means of sup, plying them, 256; 2dly, by the demand for Commodities, and their abundance or scarcity, 257; 3dly, by Labour, 258; 4thly, by Land and Labour, 259; 5thly, by the value of Man, 260. There is no invariable Standard of Value, 264. Money and Corn are not better calculated than Labour to fix the Value of things for distant times, 268: there is no fixed Value of things but up to what their production has cost, 270: beyond this the Profits on Productions of Labour are unequal, 271: this inequa lity of Profits is indifferent with regard to the Iome-Trade, 272 : it is not injurious in the exchange of Home for Foreign produce, 273; except in one particular case, 278.
Of the influence of Money and Credit upon the circulation of the Produce of Labour, 286. Different kinds of Money, 287: objects of every Monetary System, 288: obstacles which it encounters: 1, in the nature of things, 289; 2, in the confused notions of its own nature, 290. What is Money? 295. Is a Seignorage on Coin advantageous? 297. Is either Gold or Silver alone to be admitted as Money? 300. Is there a known and fixed proportion between Money and the Produce which it is to circulate? 303. Is the abundance of Money favourable or indifferent to the progress of Wealth? 306. Is a Gold and Silver Currency necessary to the formation of Wealth? 312. Does its plenty contribute to the progress of Wealth? 314. CHAP. IV.
Of Credit and Banks, 319; what is Credit? ibid: three sorts of Credit, 322: 1, Commercial Credit, ibid. Of the liquidation of
Commercial Credit by setting off or compensating one debt against the other, 326, Of Deposit Banks, 329; Bank of Venice, ibid; Bank of Genoa, or Bank of St. George, 332; Bank of Amster. dam, 334; Bank of Rotterdam, 337; Bank of Hamburgh, ibid. Of Banks of Circulation, 338: Bank of England, ibid; its nature, 340; its extent, 342; its advantages and inconveni- encies, 346. Number of Banks of that kind in England, 349. The amount of Commercial Debts liquidated with Bank-notes, 350. Is an abundant Paper Currency favourable to the progress of Wealth? 351. Of the Banks of Circulation that have existed in France, 352: Mr. Law's Bank, 353; Discounting Bank (Caisse d' Escompte), ibid; Bank of Current Accounts, 354; Commercial Bank, 355; Manufacturers' Bank, ibid; Land Bank, ibid; Bank of France, 356. Which of the two kinds of Banks is most favourable to the progress of Wealth, 368. 2. Private Credit, 371: Banks of Circulation of no use to it, 372. Private Credit has made little progress, because it is opposed by most Religions, 373. The law fixes the rate of Interest, and favours the Debtor, 374. 3. Public Credit, and wherein it resembles Commercial and Private Credit, 378. CHAP. V.
Which Trade is the most beneficial to National Wealth? 381. Opinions in favour of Foreign Trade, 382; in favour of the Home Trade, 384: Foreign Trade is the most conducive to National Wealth, 386. Of the different methods of carrying on the Foreign Trade of a Country, 398.
1. of Corporations and privileged Companies, 398; this method of trading is prejudicial to Wealth, 399.
2. Of Modern Colonies, 404: their difference from the Colonies of the Antients, ibid. This mode of trading is beneficial, and has been of great service, with regard to population, 405; to capitals, 406; and to Public and Private Wealth, 410. Have Nations with Colonies shared more largely in these advantages than Nations that have no Colonies? 411. Of Colonial Monopoly, 413; it is of no advantage to monopolizing Nations, 417,
3. Of Treaties of Commerce, 417; when are they beneficial? 418. CHAP. IX.
Of Exchanges, and the Balance of Trade, 419: Balances of Exports and Imports are neither certain nor positive, 420. The subject of Exchanges is involved in still more inaccu racy and obscurity, 421. Difference between the Balance of Foreign Commerce and that of the Home Trade, 423. Is there any certain way to know the state of the Home Trade? 426. CHAP. X.
Conclusion of the Fourth Book, 428.
OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS CONCERNING THE NATIONAL INCOME AND CONSUMPTION.
Of the National Income, 431. Is there any difference between National and Private Income? 432: they are one and the same thing, 434. Of the distribution of the National Income, 437.
Of Consumption, 442: ought it to be equal to the Income? ibid. Of Luxury, 446; among the Ancients, ibid; in the Middle Age, 447; in Modern times, 448. Is Consumption the cause or the effect of Wealth? 451. Are some kinds of Consumption more or less favourable to Wealth? 458.
Conclusion of the Work, 460.
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