TEXT BOOK OF [All Rights Reserved. TOPOGRAPHICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL BY MAJOR C. F. CLOSE, C.M.G., R.E. FELLOW OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, MEMBER OF COUNCIL OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, HEAD OF THE PREFACE. THE methods described in this book are chiefly based on the actual experience of Royal Engineer Officers who are, or have been, engaged in carrying out geographical and topographical surveys. Chapter IV., on "Traverses," is mainly written by Captain W. J. Johnston, Captain H. D. Pearson and Captain C. J. Heath. Chapter VII., "Survey under Active Service Conditions," is from the writings of Colonel Sir Thomas Holdich, K.C.M.G., K.C.I.E., Colonel Gore, C.S.I., late SurveyorGeneral of India, Colonel the Hon. M. G. Talbot, Director of Surveys in the Sudan, and Colonel Wahab, C.I.E. Chapter VIII., "Levelling," is due to Captain H. L. Crosthwait and Captain C. Russell Brown. A portion of Chapter X., the use of the theodolite for contouring, is taken from a report by Major P. H. du P. Casgrain. Chapter XII., "The Reproduction of Maps in the Field," has been written by Captain B. A. G. Shelley, with some additions by Lieutenant F. V. Thompson. Chapter XIV., "Field Astronomy," is based on the Notes on Astronomy,' written for the School of Military Engineering, by Colonel A. C. MacDonnell, re-arranged by Captain C. J. Heath. In Chapter XVI. the description of "Photo-longitudes" is taken from the account published by Major E. H. Hills, C.M.G., in the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society,' Vol. LIII., 1897. The section on "Occultations" has been written by Captain C. H. Foulkes. The "Graphic Method of predicting the circumstances of an Occultation" is due to Colonel S. C. N. Grant, C.M.G., and permission to use the diagrams explanatory of this method has been kindly granted by the Royal Geographical Society. Appendix VIII. is also due to Colonel Grant. The extension of the "Graphic Method" is from a paper by Mr. A. C. D. Crommelin. The diagrams for rapidly determining the Time and Altitude of a star on the Prime Vertical were devised by Captain C. J. Heath. The Star Charts were drawn by Captain H. E. Winsloe. Mr. A. R. Hinks, M.A., of Cambridge Observatory, has very kindly read and criticised the chapters which deal with field astronomical methods; these chapters have benefited greatly in consequence. The reproductions of British and Foreign Topographical Maps were executed under the direction of Colonel D. A. Johnston, C.B., Director-General of the Ordnance Survey. Most of (5455) A 2 |