Augustus the Strong is disputed by his son, and 2. The Spanish War. a Walpole's power shaken by the death of the Queen, 1737, and by the support given to the " Patriots by Frederick, Prince of Wales. 66 Ex Spanish jealousy of English trade with Spanish South America. Walpole's efforts to keep peace; the cur-dog of England and spaniel of France." citement produced by the story of Jenkins' ears. c Secret family compact between France and Spain for the destruction of England's maritime power. 1733. As yet unknown. d Walpole's struggle for peace against the "Patriots," and the "Boys" headed by Pitt. e Walpole consents to war. 1737. "They may ring their bells now, but they will soon be wringing their hands." f The War. I Death of the Emperor Charles VI. 1740. Attack on Maria Theresa by France, Spain, and Prussia. England alone true to its word. 66 2 Hungarian enthusiasm for Maria Theresa, who had restored their Constitution. Moriamur pro rege nostro Maria Theresa." Defeat of Frederick of Prussia. 1742. 3 English defeat at Carthagena; anxiety and resignation of Walpole. 1742. B William Pitt. 1742-1762. Pp. 716-737. 1. State of the Nation. Pp. 716-722. a The Church and the Georges. I Indifference to religious speculation and public affairs due in part to the suspension of Convocation. 1717. The Bishops Whigs; the Clergy Tories. 2 Want of religious activity. "The most remiss in their labours, and the least severe in their lives." 3 No religious or educational effort to meet the increase of population; brutality of the people increased by the introduction of gin. ¿ The Religious Revival. "The Methodists," so called from the regularity of their lives, begin in the University of Oxford. I Whitfield the preacher; his sermons marked by sympathy with the sin and sorrow of mankind. 2 Charles Wesley "the sweet singer;" tones down the excitement of the movement and changes the nature of public worship. 3 John Wesley, the preacher, the poet, above all the organiser. 1703-1791. (a) His asceticism, and belief in the supernatural. (6) His Conservatism; clings to the Church, for long condemns lay-preaching, opposes the Calvinism of Whitfield. (c) His powers of administration; the organisation of the Methodists; calming influence of his common sense. (d) His fondness for sole power. c Effects of Methodism. I "The Evangelical Movement" in the Church (Newton, Cecil), gradual disappearance of the fox-hunting parson and absentee rector. 2 The New Philanthropy. (a) Sunday Schools established by Mr. Raikes, of Gloucester. (6) Efforts among and for the agricultural labourer by Hannah More. 1745-1833. (c) Feeling for the wretched and oppressed. Burke's plea for the Hindoo against the English. 1786. Crusade of Clarkson and Wilberforce against the Slave Trade. 1786-1806. Hospitals and asylums. Missions to the heathen. (d) John Howard and the prisons. (1) Made High Sheriff of Bedfordshire. 1774. (2) Visits and makes personal trial of the gaols in England; no distinction of sex or crime; starvation; prevalence of gaol fever. (3) Visits the lazarettos of Europe. Dies of fever at Cherson in Russia. 2. The Pelhams (Newcastle and Henry Pelham) in power. Pp. 722-727. a Cession of Silesia by Maria Theresa; Carteret's war policy to ruin the House of Bourbon. I Battle of Dettingen, between Mt. Spessart and the Main. Defeat of the French and evacuation of Germany. June 27, 1743. 2 Alliance between Frederick of Prussia and France to prevent the aggrandisement of Austria. 3 Cumberland defeated in Flanders by Marshal Saxe. Battle of Fontenoy. Defeat but orderly retreat of the English. May 31, 1745. 4 Landing of the Young Pretender in Scotland at Moidart. July 25, 1745. 5 Convention of Hanover between England and Prussia. The Young Pretender. I James VIII. (his father) proclaimed King in 2 Victory of the Pretender at Preston-pans, near 3 The Pretender advances to Derby, December 4; the country fails to support him; falls back to Glasgow; defeats the pursuing Royal army at Falkirk. January 23, 1746. 4 Breaking up of the Pretender's forces; final defeat 5 Measures for the tranquillity of the Highlands. (b) The wearing of tartan forbidden; permitted to (c) Act of Indemnity. c The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, a mere truce produced by exhaustion. 1748. 1 Alliance between France and Spain (who still hold to the Family Compact of 1733) and Maria Theresa (who desires the recovery of Silesia and partition of Prussia), aided by Russia. 17521755. 2 Outbreak of the Seven Years' War. (a) The French attack on England. (1) Attempt to found a French empire in India and expel the English merchants. (2) To destroy the English colonies in America by seizing the S. Lawrence, Mississippi, Ohio, and Alleghanies. Defeat of the English general Braddock. 1755. (b) Outbreak of the war. 1755. (1) Loss of Port Mahon in Minorca, through the incapacity of Byng. (2) Defeat of Frederick at Kolin, and capitulation of Cumberland at Closter-Seven. 1756. 3. The Pitt-Newcastle Ministry. 1757. Pp. 727-731. a Pitt the inspirer of the foreign policy. The character of Pitt. "England has been a long time I The first purely public-spirited statesman since the popular prejudice. 2 The first national statesman since the Restoration. "Be one people; forget everything but the public; I set you the example." 3 His power derived not from Parliament, but from the great unrepresented mass of the nation. "It is the people who sent me here," 4 Pitt's power as an orator due to earnestness, sincerity, enthusiasm. The first national orator (whose words address the nation at large). 4. The Ministry and the War. Pp. 731-737. a The re-creation of Germany by the victory of Rossbach, won by means of English gold. 1757. b The creation of the British Empire in India by Clive. (See Macaulay's Essays on Clive.) I Attempt of Dupleix to found a French power in the name of the Great Mogul. French conquest of Hyderabad. Dupleix foiled by Clive's surprise and defence of Arcot, and defeat of the French in conjunction with the Mahrattas. 1751. 2 Attack of Surajah Dowlah on Calcutta. Imprisonment of the English in the Black Hole. Clive sent to revenge the crime. Battle of Plassey; defeat and death of Surajah Dowlah. June 23, 1757. c English victories in Europe. I Defeats of Frederick by the Austrians at Hochkirch, and at Kunersdorf by the Russians. 1759. 2 Defeat of the French by Frederick of Brunswick and the English at Minden, on the Weser. August 1, 1759. 3 Defeat of the French fleet at Quiberon Bay, in the midst of a furious storm, November 20, 1759. d The Conquest of Canada. I Continuation of the French attempt to cut off the 2 English conquest of Cape Breton island, and Canada. George II. 1760-1820. A Character of the King. Pp. 740—742. 1. His want of culture. "Was there ever such stuff as Shakespeare?" 2. His jealousy of superior men—as Pitt. 3. His obstinacy in his purpose to rule and "be a King:" strengthened by the rallying of the Tories round a British Patriot King." 4. His loyalty to the nation up to his lights. B The American Colonies. Pp. 737-739. 1. Their History since the Puritan Emigration. a Final gain of Dutch possessions in America (New York, New Jersey, Delaware) after the Dutch War. 1674. ¿Foundation of the Quaker Settlement of Pennsylvania by Penn. 1682. c Foundation of Georgia by Oglethorpe, "driven by strong benevolence of soul," as a refuge for debtors and persecuted Protestants. 1739. d Their population already a fourth of that of the mother country. 2. Their Characteristics. a In the States south of the Potomac, slavery, large plantations, aristocratic spirit. b In the States north of the Potomac, free labour, towns and villages, democratic institutions, education and political activity. c In all the States religious tolerance produced by the medley of religions. d Political and social difference from England. "Mr. Grenville lost America because he read the American despatches." |