lences, fines, subsidies granted under pretext of a French war (1492), aided in this by Cardinal Morton. 3. The power of the barons kept down a by the enforcement of the Statute of Liveries (Edward IV.); b by the revival of the criminal jurisdiction of the Royal Council. 4. Power given to justices of assize, or conservators of the peace, to try all cases except those of treason or felony without a jury. (Repealed at opening of next reign). C The New Learning. Pp. 297–301. 1. The age of the Renascence. and of man." "The discovery of the world a The discovery of the world. Copernicus, Vasco di Gama, Columbus, Cabot. b The discovery of man. The travels of Amerigo Vespucci. Capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman 1453), and Turks under Mahomet II. (May 29 Men opened flight of the Greek scholars to Italy. Re-discovery of the lost Greek poetry, philosophy, c Florence, the home of the Renascence, as formerly of Liberty. From Florence Oxford receives physical science in Linacre, and rational Christianity in Colet. D The Oxford Reformers: Colet, Erasmus, afterwards More. 1. Colet, the representative of the English Renascence, religious and social rather than artistic. The aim of Colet's theology -a vivid realisation of the person of Christ. "About the rest let divines dispute as they will." 2. Erasmus, the representative of the union of culture and liberal religion. Studies Greek at Oxford, introduces it at Cambridge. E Foreign Relations. Pp. 302, 303. 1. France centralised and made more powerful by Lewis XI.; the great feudatories being extinguished, and war with England twice avoided. 1474 and 1492. 2. Spain formed into one great state by the union of Castile and Arragon, and enriched by the discovery of the New World. 3. Alliance between Henry and Spain to recover Guienne. 1489. Marriage between Arthur of England and Catherine of Arragon. 1501. After the death of Arthur, a papal dispensation obtained for the marriage of his youngest son Henry to Catherine. 1502. 4. Henry's eldest daughter Margaret married to James IV. of Scotland. 1502. F Death of the King. April 21, 1509. Henry VI. 1509-1547. A Accession of Henry VIII. Hopes of a new order. P. 301. 1. Execution of Empson and Dudley, thereby condemnation of his father's extortions. 2. The King still young, and a friend of the New Learning. Erasmus writes the "Praise of Folly," an ironical song of triumph over the old world of ignorance vanishing away. 1510. Exhortations of Colet, now Dean of S. Paul's. 1505. B Disappointment of these early hopes. 1. Attempt of the French to conquer Italy under Charles VIII. and Lewis XII. French "chased beyond the Alps" by Pope Julius II. as head of the Italian States, supported by Spain and England. 1512. 2. English invasion of France and battle of the Spurs. Scotch invasion of England and battle of Flodden. Desertion of Henry by Ferdinand, Sept. 19, 1513, and consequent peace with France, England having gained nothing by the war. 1514. C The New Learning. Pp. 303–316. 1. Opposition to the war. The first time religion dissociates itself from the horrors of war. 2. Education favoured by Wolsey's peace policy and the election of a liberal Pope, Leo X. a Foundation of S. Paul's school by Colet. 1512. The expulsion of the scholastic logic to make room for Greek; sympathy made the first requisite for teaching, followed by the foundation of grammar schools all over the country under Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Elizabeth. b Revival of Cambridge under Erasmus, Fisher; at Oxford foundation of Corpus Christi with a Greek lectureship by Bishop Fox, of a professorship of Greek by the Crown, of Cardinal College by Wolsey. 3. Religious aims of the New Learning. a Not a reform of doctrine so much as a reform of life b A sound biblical criticism and freedom of inquiry. 4. Social and political aims of the New Learning best seen in Thomas More's Utopia (Nowhere). 1516. a Character of More. I Sense of public duty. (a) "First to look to God, and after God to the King." (b) His resistance to Henry VII.'s demand for a 2 Affection for his wife and children and friends. 3 His intellectual activity. His life of Edward V. b The Utopia. 1 Labour. The end of labour laws is the good of the labourers, not as in England to strengthen the rich against the poor. The period of toil shortened to nine hours a day, that labourers may garnish their minds, "for herein they conceive the felicity of life to consist." 2 Public health. Light, air, comfort, cleanliness, necessary for morality. 3 Crime. (a) Prevention, i.e., Education more effective than Punishment. (b) Punishment should be proportioned to the crime. "The end of all punishment is the destruction of vice and the saving of men." 4 Religion. (a) Religion made to rest on nature and reason, hence atheists and disbelievers in immortality excluded from office as irrational. 66 (b) Religious toleration extended to all, for they are persuaded that it is not in a man's power to believe what he list." (c) Liberty of conscience combined with religious unity and a common worship; contrast with this the strife of the Reformation (which begins the next year, 1517). D Wolsey. 1515-1531. Pp. 316-324. 1. Aim of Wolsey's foreign policy to secure a French alliance, i.e., to secure peace. 2. Aim of Wolsey's home policy, to use peace to advance despotism. a By means of the law-courts and legal decisions in favour of the royal prerogative. b By means of concentration of power into the hands of a single minister. Wolsey presides over the Law as Chancellor, over the Church as Legate-thus accustoming men to what afterwards became the royal supremacy in ecclesiastical matters. In consequence of crush of business in Chancery, subordinate courts-e.g., that of the Master of the Rolls-appointed to relieve it. c By personal government without Parliament. 15151522. 3. In spite of Wolsey's opposition (shewn in the attitude of Buckingham, 1521, and the Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520) Henry VIII. joins with his nephew, the Emperor Charles V. in declaring war against France, "to regain his lost inheritance." 1522. 4. Parliament therefore summoned, after eight years' interval, to provide for war expenses. Wolsey attempts to raise a forced loan, fails; falls back on a property-tax of twenty per cent. 1524. Forced by the Commons to accept one of ten per cent.; he demands a second forced loan, finally voluntary benevolences, but is driven to abandon his claim even to benevolences in consequence of the discontent, especially in London, Kent, and Suffolk. 5. Prevalence of agrarian discontent, owing to the increase of sheep-farming on a large scale, and the throwing together of small holdings, increased by the breaking up of the old feudal households (Edward IV. B 2. b, and Henry VII. B 2. a). More's only remedy, the gradual introduction of the woollen manufacture. 6. The divorce. a Battle of Pavia and prostration of France. Henry, getting no advantage from Spanish success, is induced by Wolsey to make peace with France. 1525. b Wolsey supports the idea of a divorce between Henry and Catherine, his brother's widow, in order to make a deadly quarrel between England and Spain, and hopes to negotiate a French marriage. c Henry defeats Wolsey's plans by announcing his resolve to marry Anne Boleyn. 1527. d In spite of the general disapproval of the divorce and second marriage, a Papal Commission is procured for the Cardinals Wolsey and Campeggio to try the facts of the case. Delays of the Cardinals in procedure; and adjournment to consult the Pope, Clement VII. 7. Fall of Wolsey. 1529, 1530. a Wolsey banished from the Court for lack of zeal in furthering Henry's second marriage. b Ministry of Norfolk and More. Attempt made to settle the divorce by negotiation with Charles V., and by the support of Parliament. c Wolsey prosecuted for acting as Papal Legate in England, and thus transgressing the Statute of Præmunire. d Wolsey at York; through jealousy at his popularity in the North arrested for high treason; dies on his way to London. Nov. 29, 1530. 8. Political character of Wolsey. The one object of his public life to serve his King, not to serve his country, but the latter years of Henry's reign are far more tyrannical than those guided by Wolsey's counsel. E Cromwell. 1530-1540. Pp. 325-340. 1. Cromwell's earlier life. Pp. 325, 326. a After being a soldier in Italy, and a merchant and scrivener in Flanders, he enters Wolsey's service. 1517. Faithful to him even in his fall. b Gains the ear of the King by his faithfulness to Wolsey, and advises him to settle the divorce by his own supremacy. 2. Ministry of Norfolk and More. 1530. Pp. 326--328. Close of Wolsey's b More's policy as Chancellor: religious reform taken up as a national matter and combined with the preservation of the unity of the Church. I A remonstrance against the legislation of the Clergy in Convocation without the consent of the nation (see Edward I. E 1. ƒ), and against other ecclesiastical abuses; the clergy restricted from lay employments; pluralities restrained, and a correct translation of the Bible undertaken. 2 Laws against sectaries strictly enforced. c Fall of the ministry owing to the failure of its negotiations for divorce. I The Pope (Clement VII.) anxious to obtain the restoration of Florence from Charles V. delays his decision. 2 Cranmer proposes an appeal to the Universities of Europe. The result adverse to the King. 3. Cromwell's policy. Pp. 328-334. a The King to declare himself Head of the Church within his realm, and obtain the divorce from his own courts. |