and temporary residents, are not included. The number of inhabitauts within the walls of Valencia was at that time 65,036; namely, 28,802 males and 36,234 females. The number of elementary schools for boys amounted to 22; in which there were 24 teachers and 3545 pupils; and for girls to 58; in which there were 72 female teachers, and 2711 pupils. The ecclesiastical part of the population was 1553 in number; namely, 586 lay clergy, 573 monks, and 394 nuns. PORTUGAL. The Church. The numbers of the clergy, whether lay or secular, have been greatly exaggerated; many have carried them as high as two hundred thousand, and some as high as three hundred thousand individuals; had this last calculation been well founded, one Portuguese in every ten would be of the ecclesiastical order. We have, however, reason to believe that confidence may be placed in the following return, which exhibits an essentially different state of things. The secular clergy consists of 18,000 persons, including 41 chaplains to hospitals. The monasteries contain 5760 male persons. And in the nunneries there are 5903 females. These form a total of 29,704 individuals, in which number the menial assistants, as well as the novices in nunneries, are comprised. This portion of the population of Portugal is located in 498 convents and hospitals. Excluding the assistants and novices, the proportion, relatively to the whole number of Portuguese, will be one in every 118 persons. If the comparison, however, be confined to male ecclesiastics, the proportion will be one in every 63 male persons; and even this must affect the agriculture and general industry of the country to a most prejudicial extent. It will be readily conceived, too, that the people at large, observing so many ecclesiastics rise from inferior stations to the enjoyment of a state of comfortable indolence, must be naturally induced to bring up their children to a monastic life in preference to preparing them for any laborious calling. The prejudice which must result to the substantial interests of the nation, from this perversion of the objects for which our being was given us, is as self-evident as it is incalculable. SWITZERLAND. BASLE. In consequence of the divorce which the Helvetic diet has lately pronounced between the town of Basle and, with the exception of one or two insignificant districts, the rural part of the canton, great anxiety is felt, as well among the townsmen as in Switzerland generally, on the subject of the division of the property belonging to the university of Basle, between the Civic' and the Champaign' cantons. The inevitable consequence of any such division would be the ruin of the university; and an equally deplorable result would affect the whole of Switzerland, if it should be decided that a similar division is to be made of the public library and scientific collections belonging to the town of Basle, in its former character of metropolis of the old canton. We trust that the good sense and patriotism of the two parties will suggest the means of averting a blow, which would be severely felt throughout their native country. In the mean while, deputations from the two cantons have pleaded their respective claims before certain commissioners at Aarau, to whom the decision has been referred; and the result of their deliberations is anxiously looked for. - ZÜRICH.-Professor Oken, the rector of this infant university, has publicly denied, in his official character, the existence of the Burschenschaft,' or any other political association among the students, and borne his testimony to their assiduous deportment. We also learn, that there has been some increase in the number of admissions during the present session; more youths of Swiss extraction have availed themselves of the institution, but the German students are gradually withdrawing from it. The Album Professorum' gives the following detail of faculties and professors : Ordo Theologorum-H. C. M. Rettig (of Giessen); F. Hitzig (of Haniugen); J. Schulthess; L. Hirzel; and S. Hess. (5.) Ordo Juris consultorum—F. L. Keller; L. de Leew (of Weilburg); G. Snell (of Idstein); J. A. Seuffert (of Heidelberg); H. Escher; and J. C. Bluntschli. (6.) Ordo Medicorum.-J. L. Schoenlein (of Bamberg); C. F. de Pommer (of Heilbrunn); H. Locker; Zwingli; J. C. Spoendli; H. Demme; J. L. Balber. (6.) Ordo Philosophorum.-J. C. Orelli; E. Bobrick (of Strasburg); J. L. P. Snell; J. J. Hottinger; C. J. Loewig; J. G. Baiter; H. R. Schinz. (7.) In all 24 Professors, besides Laur. Oken (of Offenburg), rector, and professor in ordinary of Philosophy. Every Man's House his Castle.-It was one of the primitive privileges of the Swiss, that a man's house should be held as an inviolable sanctuary; and its sanctions went to so great a length in remoter times, at least in the case of the people of Kyburg in the canton of Zürich, that any offender in the town, who sought an asylum from the pursuit of the law, might remain safe from molestation even under the cover of the projecting roof of a neighbour's house, so long as his offence was not accompanied by murder, or an attempt at it.—(Escher's History of the Burg of Kyburg.) The Rhætians. - The Rhaitoi, Rhæti, or Rasenes, a Celtic people, who were driven from the plain country by Teutonic hordes, and took up their abode among the Alps, were probably one of the most ancient communities in Gaul. The one name was derived from Resina, a town still existing in the Tyrol, and the other from the aboriginal Rhaezün, (Rhætium), in the Grisons. Strangers, in former times, were accustomed to call them Tür rhenoi, or Tur-Rhenes, implying people of the Upper Rhine, or Rhenish mountains; for Tur, or Tür, whence Taurus, signified a mountain in the same way as the whole of the tribes in the Alps were called Taurisci, Tusci, or Tusici; and hence another of their towns was denominated Tuscanum, from its original name of Thusis, now-a-days Tusoun, on the Rhine. There can be little doubt that the Latins (Latini) were the primitive tribe among the Turrhenes; from this tribe one of the largest of their valleys took the name of Latium or Latina, which has been corrupted into Giadinna among the Italians, and Engadin among the Germans. Their aboriginal tongue has, on the contrary, retained the name of 'Ladin' to the present hour. The ancient Rhætians, being pressed sore by the inroads of their Celtic (Teutonic?) invaders, descended into the warmer regions of Italy, and wandered as far as the banks of the Tiber, where, in conjunction with some Pelasgic and Greek settlers, they became one of the leading people in Italy, and retained not only their old name of Tur-rhenes, simultaneously with the more modern ones of Tusci and Latini, but their native language and manners. They built Alba, and then Rome, on the site of a hill on the Albula, subsequently called the Tiber, which a sacred oak had, in far earlier times, rendered popular by the name of Vaticanus.' Niebuhr has shown the groundlessness of Livy's assertion, that certain tribes, who were expelled by the Celts from the lands about the Po, became, under their leader Rhætus, the first founders of the Rhætian name and people. And there is not a single name to be found, in the whole extent of Rhætia, the parentage of which can be traced to Upper Italy. On the other hand, the names of the mountain villages of the Engadin occur in a most remarkable manner, and particularly in the instances of districts and water-courses, even south of the Tiber itself. We need but recal such names as Roma, Remuria, Alba, Lavinium, Laurentum, Ardea, Valerii, Latium, Albula, Falisci, Medullium, Cures, Pæstum, Samnium, Sabini, Sinuessa, Umbria, and others; and then remark that, prominent and hallowed as they are, they have sunk into desuetude, even under the very sky where the language of Rome yet survives; whilst among our mountain regions, though so long subjected to the German yoke, though the native race has commixed with Aleman and Goth, and though daily parting with the use of the Latin tongue, there is not a stripling but is familiar with the names of Romein, Remus, Albannas, Lavin, Lavrün, Ardez, Valere, Ladin and Giadinna, Albula, Falise (or Fläsch), Madullein, Curia (or Cuera), Peist, Samnaum, Savien and Tshapina, Umbrien, and Mount Umbrail, as well as others. Every nation which adopted the laws and language of the masters of the world, called them Roman;' but the native of the Engadin fetter with pride to his Ladin,' as if in proof that his name is of more ancient date than the seven hills,' and in contempt of the more modern Roman,' which falls on his ear like a re-echoing fetter. The very name of Italy, which has been so fiercely disputed, and is derived by some from vitalos (or vitulus), is, in all probability, of · 6 ་ northern descent; for, in old German, Iddalja signifies a declining, or moving down from one's higher home (descensus montis.) The Rhætian, in common with his brother Gaul, called his gods Ases, or Ares (the lofty); or else Lars, Lases, and Lares, signifying masters; whence the Scotch, laird, and the English, lord. His monarch was, therefore, called Lars, or, like all celtic chieftains, Rex, reges; in Scotch, Rigk, and in German, Reiks, Recke, and Rix. He saluted the principal of his deities with the name of Dius, Divus, Deus, or Dius-Pater; his goddess of earth was called Vesta, the Grecian Hestia, and the German Hertha; and his god of war, Ares, or Mars. Add to this, that the old Gallic and German word Her, the Heros and Here of the Greek, was parent to the Rhætian's Herus and Hera, a general title of honour. Lucumo was also a name which he gave to royalty, as well as to one of his mountains. -(Dr. Henne's Grisons.) BELGIUM. In the year 1830, this kingdom contained 4046 elementary schools, which were attended by 293,000 children; at the close of last year the number of schools had increased to 5504, and of children attending them, to 368,156. The Universities. We hear that the University of Liege has at no former period entered so many students as during the present winter session. The whole of the classes are said to be crowded. But at Louvain the students vehemently oppose the new statutes, which are represented as being more than commonly severe, and they have treated many of the Professors to what the French call 'charivaris;' anglicè, 'marrow-bones and cleavers.' HOLLAND. The state of the Dutch universities, during the years 1830 and 1831, was as follows: In 1830 the number of students matriculated at Leyden was 684; at Utrecht, 476; and at Groeningen, 284; in all 1444. In 1831 the number matriculated at Leyden was 791, Utrecht 519, and Groeningen 314; which give a total of 1624. These returns establish the fact, that the state of political affairs in Holland during both years, occasioned no interruption to academical pursuits. GERMANY. HAMBURG OBSERVATORY.-Six patriotic individuals in this town have raised a fund for the purpose of purchasing the valuable collection of astronomical instruments, which were made for the Observatory, and left behind him by Repsold; among them is an admirable transit-glass of five feet diameter. They have also enhanced their benefaction not only by providing means of payment for a meridian circle and a variety of other instruments, which are in course of construction by the two able sons of the deceased, but by assigning a fund sufficient to defray the annual expense of preserving the instruments and maintaining the Observatory. The whole capital which they have raised amounts to upwards of 2000l.; and we should be doing injustice to the noble example which they have set, were we to leave their names unrecorded. They are Mr. Sillem, the burgomaster of Hamburg; Messrs. Benecke, Gossler, and Schroeder, three of its senators; Mr. Peterson, the senior elder; and Mr. Hermann Roosen. Anatomical School, &c.-Dr. Fricke, of Hamburg, opened the Anatomical School, which he has established in that city, on the 9th of October last. It is already attended by 100 pupils, to whom the founder has generously afforded the opportunity of pursuing a two years' course of anatomical study, free of all expense. The Professors of the Hamburg Gymnasium have opened courses of public lectures on Philology, Medicine, Natural History, Theology, Ecclesiastical and General History, Mathematics, Medicine, Statistics, and Geography. SAXONY.-The general census, which was completed up to the 1st of July last, affords the following classification of the population of this kingdom, in a religious point of view: Individuals of the Lutheran persuasion, in the hereditary dominions of the Crown of Saxony Ditto in Upper Lusatia Total of Lutherans Roman Catholics; viz. in the hereditary domi- Members of the Reformed Church 17,771 1,321,458 206,734 1,528,192 27,663 Ditto of the Greek Church (in all the hereditary dominions) 39 Ditto of the Jewish persuasion (of whom 3 only in 874 Total population of the kingdom of Saxony 1,558,158 The number of inhabitants, therefore, who profess the Roman Catholic religion, which is that of the sovereign, scarcely exceeds 1 in 57 persons. GUTTENBERG.-A sum of about 9000 guldens (8007) has been subscribed towards erecting the long-projected monument at Mayence, in memory of the immortal inventor of the art of printing. Thorwaldsen, the Dane, and the first sculptor of the continental school, has undertaken to execute the work; and observes, in a letter expressive of his readiness to comply with the wishes of the Mayence committee in this respect, "The statue and basso-relievos will have my name attached to them; and it will be a subject of |