and laying up for its own competence and its own support. The motive to labour is the great stimulus to our whole society; and no system is wise or just which does not afford this stimulus, as far as it may. The protection of American labour, against the injurious competition of foreign labour, so far, at least, as respects general handicraft productions, is known, historically, to have been one end designed to be obtained by establishing the constitution; and this object, and the constitutional power to accomplish it, ought never to be surrendered or compromised in any degree. The interest of labour has an importance in our system, beyond what belongs to it as a mere question of political economy. It is connected with our forms of government, and our whole social system. The activity and prosperity which at present prevail among us, as every one must notice, are produced by the excitement of compensating prices of labour; and it is fervently to be hoped that no unpropitious circumstances, and no unwise policy, may counteract this efficient cause of general competency and public happiness." Again, when at

Pittsburg, July 5th, 1833. "The chief magistrate of Pittsburg has been kind enough to express sentiments favourable to myself, as a friend to domestic industry. Domestic industry! How much of national power and opulence, how much of individual comfort. and respectability, that phrase implies! And with what force does it strike us, as we are here, at the confluence of the two rivers whose united currents constitute the Ohio, and in the midst of one of the most flourishing and distinguished manufacturing cities in the Union! Many thousand miles of inland navigation, running through a new and rapidly improving country, stretch away below. Internal communications, completed or in progress, connect the city with the Atlantic and the lakes. A hundred steam-engines are in daily operation, and nature has supplied the fuel which feeds their incessant flames, on the spot itself, in exhaustless abundance. Standing here, in the midst of such a population, and with such a scene around us, how great is the import of these words, 'domestic industry! Next to the preservation of the government itself, there can hardly be a more vital question, to such a community as this, than that which regards their own employments, and the preservation of that policy which the government has adopted and cherished, for the encouragement and protection of those employments. This is not, in a society like this, a matter which affects the interest of a particular class, but one which affects the interest of all classes. It runs through the whole chain of human occupation and employ

ment, and touches the means of living and the comfort of all. New England has conformed herself to the settled policy of the country, and has given to her capital and her labour a corresponding direction. She has now becoine vitally interested in the preservation of the system. Her prosperity is identified, not perhaps with any particular degree of protection, but with the preservation of the principle; and she is not likely to consent to yield the principle, under any circumstance whatever. And who would dare to yield it? Who, standing here, and looking round on this community and its interests, would be bold enough to touch the spring, which moves so much industry, and produces so much happiness? Who would shut up the mouths of these vast coal pits? Who stay the cargoes of manufactured goods, now floating down a river, one of the noblest in the world, and stretching through territories almost boundless in extent, and unequalled in fertility? Who would quench the fires of so many steam engines, or stay the operations of so much well employed labour? I cannot conceive how any subversion of that policy, which has hitherto been pursued, can take place, without great public embarrassment, and great private distress. I have said, that I am in favour of protecting American manual labour; and, after the best reflection I can give the subject, and from the lights which I can derive from the experience of ourselves and others, I have come to the conclusion that such protection is just and proper; and that to leave American labour to sustain a competition with that of the overpeopled countries of Europe, would lead to a state of things to which the people could never submit. This is the great reason why I am for maintaining what has been established. I see at home, I see here, I see wherever I go, that the stimulus, which has excited the existing activity, and is producing the existing prosperity of the country, is nothing else than the stimulus held out to labour by compensating prices. I think this effect is visible every where, from Penobscot to New Orleans, and manifest in the condition and circumstances of the great body of the people for nine tenths of the whole people belong to the laborious, industrious, and productive classes; and on these classes the stimulus acts. We perceive that the price of labour is high, and we know that the means of living are low; and these two truths speak volumes in favour of the general prosperity of the country. Is it not true, that sobriety, and industry, and good character, can do more for a man here than in any other part of the world? And is not this truth, which is so obvious that none can deny it, founded in this plain reason, that labour, in this country, earns a better reward

than any where else, and so gives more comfort, more individual independence, and more elevation of character."

MASSILLON, Ohio, 1825.

"Neither the limits of my time or paper would allow me, in my last, to say one word in relation to the beautiful and hospitable village in which it is my happiness at present to sojourn. Six years ago the place where it stands contained only such houses as were occupied by the tillers of the soil. Within that time a place of extensive business has grown up, as by the stroke of a magician's wand. I do not mean, however, to be understood that Massillon has yet attained the dimensions of a very considerable town. It is, on the contrary, not more than one quarter as large as most towns in the country which have not a greater amount of trade. But so far as it has been built, the buildings give the strongest evidence of its prosperity, and foretell the rapid growth which it will experience for many years. Its stores, warehouses, and dwellings, are large and neatly built, and almost uniformly of brick. There is not a single ordinary building in the place, except two or three that stood here before the village was laid out. The streets are arranged in the most convenient order, and the grounds laid out with an uncommon degree of taste.-Nature seems to have indulged her fancy in preparing for the approach of art, and art has by no means rendered to nature an ungrateful return. All things considered, I think it is one of the most pleasant villages I have ever seen, and, located as it is, in the midst of numerous water-mill sites, beds of coal, limestone, and iron ore, all on the very banks of the Ohio and Erie canal, and all, too, near at hand and in possession of its enterprising citizens; situated in the centre of one of the largest and most fertile districts of Ohio, a district inhabited by a very numerous and industrious population, it cannot fail of becoming, in a few years, one of the most important places of the great west. In addition to its communication by water with New York, New Orleans, and Philadelphia, a rail road, of which Massillon will constitute the western terminus, will doubtless be constructed in the course of two or three years, to connect with the Pennsylvania rail road, which is to be extended to Pittsburg. The necessary charter has already been obtained from the legislature of this state, and persons ready to build the road are only waiting for a similar act from the next session of the legislature of Pennsylvania.

"Before the construction of the Ohio and Erie canal the vast resources of this country were comparatively little known, and were of little value. By means of that great work the value of wheat, the staple commodity of the country, has appreciated from twelve and a half to eighty seven and a half cents per bushel, and the cost of supplies from the cities has been diminished in an equal ratio. Of course the inducements for the farmer to grow crops to any greater extent than was necessary for his own consumption was very slight. Some idea of the change which has supervened since the completion of the canal may be gathered from the fact, that this day, while the harvest is yet unfinished, there have been purchased, at the warehouses in this village, upwards of fifteen hundred bushels of wheat. And I am assured by one of the most respectable dealers here, that, during the business

season, from three to four hundred bushels in a day is not an unusual quantity to be received at the warehouses and mills.

"With this trade, then, very rapidly increasing, you will not doubt that, when all other resources are brought into action, Massillon will become an important town.

66 The crops of all descriptions, throughout this whole country, are this year unusually abundant, but as they flow into granaries entirely empty, present prices are likely to be maintained. The farmers upon this exuberant soil are all growing rich, and the industry of every man reaps a liberal reward."

"I wonder not," says an English writer, "that the first settlers in Virginia, with the bold Captain Smith of chivalrous memory at their head, should have fought so stoutly to dispossess the valiant father of Pocahontas of his fair domain, for I certainly never saw a more tempting territory. Stonington is about two miles from the most romantic point of the Potomac river, and Virginia spreads her wild, but beautiful and most fertile paradise on the opposite shore. The Maryland side partakes of the same character, and perfectly astonished us by the profusion of her wild fruits and flowers. We had not been long within reach of the great falls of the Potomac, before a party was made for us to visit them; the walk from Stonington to these falls, is through scenery that can hardly be called forest, park or garden; but which partakes of all three. A little English girl accompanied us, who had but lately left her home, 'Oh how many English ladies would glory in such a garden as this!' and in truth they might; cedars, tulip-trees, sumacs, junipers, and oaks of various kinds, most of them new to us, shaded our path. Wild vines with their rich expansive leaves, and their sweet blossom, rivaling the mignionette in fragrance, clustered round their branches, strawberries in full bloom, violets, anemones, heart's-ease, and wild pinks, with many other and still lovelier flowers, literally covered the ground. The arbor judex, the dog-wood, in its fullest glory of star-like flowers, azalias, and wild roses, dazzled our eyes whichever way we turned them. It was the most flowery two miles I ever walked. The sound of the falls is heard at Stonington, and the gradual increase of this sound is one of the agreeable features of this delicious walk; I know not why the rush of water is so delightful to the ear; all other monotonous sounds are wearying, and harass the spirits, but I never met any one who did not love to listen to a waterfall."

"The manufactures of Virginia, like her coal mines, are but just beginning to rise into importance. But recently the attention of her citizens has been directed to the subject, and few out of the state are aware how far she

has already advanced, and how rapidly she continnes to advance in this branch of industry. I make no reference to the manufacture of tobacco, for in this she has long been engaged, with celebrity and success. I would observe, however, while mentioning it, that this branch has increased immensely within a few years, and now gives employment, in Richmond and Petersburg alone, to not less than 1,500 persons. This business is also extensively carried on in Lynchburg. But the manufactories to which I particularly allude, are such as are carried on elsewhere, in manufacturing the raw materials common to the United States, and in which the question of competition may be considered as involved.

"In Richmond, and Manchester, on the south bank of the river, during the last year, a large cotton manufactory, a large paper mill, and an extensive iron foundry, all went into operation. They are all owned by chartered companies, have adequate capitals, and the buildings are of the most substantial kind, and in the finest order. There are now in full operation here, two cotton manufactories, three iron foundries, to one of which a steam engine manufactory is attached, one cotton seed oil mill, one paper mill, one screw manufactory, two cut nail works, and an extensive puddling furnace and iron making and manufacturing establishment is nearly completed. A number of other companies have been chartered by the legislature, for the purpose of carrying on various other branches of manufacturing, all of which will, no doubt, soon be in operation. Besides the manufactories above mentioned in the vicinity of Richmond, few places can boast of so large or superior flour mills. The Galego mill, which is perhaps the largest in the world, alone runs 22 pair of stones, and makes five hundred barrels of flour daily. Haxal's mill is but little inferior to this, and Rutherford's and Clark's, though less than the others, are considerable mills. The Richmond city mills' flour is the finest bread flour in the United States, and commands in the foreign markets the highest prices. There are also in this vicinity at least six corn mills.

"The water power at and near Richmond is immense, and easily available; it is the entire James River, which is nearly half a mile wide, and falls more than a hundred feet in a few miles. The advantages of its position for manufacturing purposes, are many and great. Situated at the head of good navigation,-open nearly all the year,-adjacent to a rich coal field,-connected with the interior, as it soon will be, by a canal leading through a fine iron district, with a healthy and pleasant climate, surrounded by a good soil, nothing can prevent its becoming one of the greatest manufacturing cities in the Union.

"Next to Richmond in importance, and in some respects in advance of it, is Petersburg, at the head of the tide water of the Appomattox. Here cotton manufactories grow up and flourish, as if by magic. They have five or six here now, all of them extensive establishments, and some of them with numerous out buildings. One of them, a short distance from Petersburg, called by an Indian name that I have forgotten, is an establishment inferior to few, if any, in the northern states, and with its houses built for the workmen, forms quite a village. All these manufactories employ white labourers. The experiment, however, of negro or slave labour, has been made in one of the manufactories at Richmond, and has proved fully successful. Other manufactories are about to be erected near Petersburg, in some of which it