Virginias, extensive farm areas in northwest Pennsylvania, eastern Virginia, and western West Virginia. The northwestern counties of Pennsylvania (except Erie) and the mountain counties of this section for the most part average under 50 persons to the square mile. Three-fourths of the counties of West Virginia and Virginia have under 50 to the square mile. The large cities are Pittsburgh (about 750,000), Erie (about 75,000), Richmond (about 140,000), Altoona (about 55,000), Johnstown (about 55,000), Norfolk, Va. (about 75,000), and various other places of 50,000 to 10,000 inhabitants. Thus of the 39,000 men called to Camp Lee a little over one-third came from considerable cities. The strength of the camp at different dates is shown in Chart 14from its first increment of 3,000 at the beginning of September to the middle of October, when there were 31,000 at the camp, and on into November, when 35,000 were present. Of the Pennsylvania recruits about 3 per cent were negroes; of the Virginian, about 30 per cent. The leading diseases at Camp Lee were as follows: TABLE NO. 22.-Admissions and deaths, infectious diseases, Camp Lee, 1917. 1 Figures in parentheses indicate number of colored troops in venereal disease only. On December 28 the noneffective rate was the highest of any National Army camp with the exception of Pike and Funston. Measles became epidemic in November, but was complicated by relatively little pneumonia, probably owing both to retention of measles cases in hospital until completely recovered and also to the fine environmental conditions. On the other hand there were a number of middle-ear infections following measles. An epidemic of general streptococcic infections with local manifestations, best defined as a polyserocitis, occurred at the end of the year. Pneumonia began to increase toward the middle of December; the types were not differentiated until that time. There were only about 11 per cent deaths. Toward the end of December a number of patients were admitted to the hospital with various septic infections, purulent empyema, peritonitis and pyopericardium. In some instances (but not in all) autopsy showed a primary broncho-pneumonia. Venereal diseases: A large proportion existed prior to enlistment. This was especially noticeable among the colored troops. 6. CAMP TAYLOR, KY. Camp Taylor is located about 5 miles south of Louisville, Ky., & manufacturing city of 230,000 inhabitants. The terrain is rolling, about 500 to 530 feet above sea level, and drains toward the city. The soil is loam over red clay. The temperature was abnormally low (as at most other places in the North) during November and December, reaching 6° on the 9th of December. There was a shortage of rainfall, but a heavy snowfall kept the ground covered during most of December. The water supply is derived from the city system. It is taken from the Ohio River and is sedimented, filtered, and chlorinated. It is abundant and excellent in quality. The sewage is disposed of through the city's trunk sewer. To Camp Taylor were called from civil life the following contingents: Polygon of weekly strength of Camp Taylor measured by scale on the left. [Increments are indicated by dotted rectangles of which the unit, 1,000 men, is represented by the small rectangle above the polygon.] 7 14 21 28 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 23 30 7 14 21 28 The men came from Kentucky, Indiana and southern Illinois. This territory included such cities as Louisville (240,000), Covington (60,000), Indianapolis (280,000), Evansville (75,000), Fort Wayne (75,000), Terre Haute (75,000), South Bend (65,000), and Springfield, Ill. (60,000). The territory from which the drafted men came is about 33.7 per cent urban, standing eleventh in the series of urbanity of the 16 National Army camps. The population of Kentucky is 90 per cent white, and 92 per cent of the whites are of native parentage. They are largely of Scotch or Scotch-Irish origin. Of the population of Indiana, all but 2 per cent are white and 78 per cent of these are of native parentage. The foreign white stock is half German, 10 per cent Irish, 7 per cent English and about 7 per cent Austro-Hungarian. In southern Illinois the population is about 90 per cent white of native parentage. The strength of the camp at different weekly intervals is shown in Chart 15. From its beginning in early September the camp strength rose quickly to 29,000 on the 12th of October and then slowly declined to 21,000 at the end of the year. There were never many colored troops at the camp. The leading diseases and consequent deaths at Camp Taylor are given in Table 23. TABLE NO. 23.-Admissions and deaths, infectious diseases, Camp Taylor, 1917. 1 Figures in parentheses indicate number of colored troops in venereal disease only. The principal disease was measles, which likewise caused a heavy morbidity in Kentucky troops at the outbreak of the Civil War. No deaths occurred from measles directly nor from the 7 cases where lobar pneumonia supervened. But from the 43 cases where bronchopneumonia was a complication to measles 13 deaths followed. Though there were nearly half as many cases of primary broncho-pneumonia as of broncho-pneumonia complicating measles, there were only about one-sixth as many deaths. Primary lobar pneumonia also had only a low case morbidity (6 per cent). It is reported that among 52 empyema fluids, 27 showed a hemolytic streptococcus, 5 pneumococcus, 18 were sterile and 2 not examined. About 9 per cent of all sickness at camp was due to venereal disease. 7. CAMP SHERMAN, OHIO. Camp Sherman is located in the flood plain of the Scioto River ust outside of the limits of the city of Chillicothe, Ohio, a railroad >enter of 15,000 inhabitants, in an agricultural region. The soil is sand and gravel, overlaid with a thin stratum of clay. The trend of drainage is toward the river, although in many places the ground is low and required extensive ditching. The proximity of the remount depot to the camps presented a difficult problem in sanitation because of the large amount of manure that required removal and the consequent facilities for fly breeding. The water supply is obtained from five drilled and one dug well, located near the banks of the Scioto River. All wells are protected from surface drainage and well policed. Water is chlorinated before entering distribution mains. There have been no water-born diseases. The region of Chillicothe was characterized in November by cool and very dry weather, and in December by the lowest temperature for that month on record, namely 13° below zero on the 11th of the month. The cold spell was exceptionally prolonged. The month was prevailingly dry, but there were heavy snow falls which kept the ground covered nearly all of the month. To Camp Sherman were called from civil life the following contingents: Sept. 5-10.. Sept. 19-24. Oct. 27-Nov. 1.. Dec. 14-19. Total..... Men. 2,154 17, 233 12, 925 2, 957 892 36, 161 These men came from Ohio and a few counties in western Pennsylvania. This territory includes the cities of Cleveland (660,000), Cincinnati (410,000), Columbus (215,000), Toledo (190,000), Dayton (130,000), Youngstown (110,000), Akron (85,000), Canton (60,000), Springfield, Ohio (53,000). Polygon of weekly strength of Camp Sherman measured by scale on the left. [Increments are indicated by dotted rectangles of which the unit, 1,000 men, is represented by the small rectangle above the polygon.] 7 14 21 28 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 23 30 7 14 21 28 Sept. CAMP SHERMAN CHART NO. 16. Dec. Taken as a whole the population from which this camp was drawn was 50 per cent urban, being the third from the greatest urbanity of all National Army camps. The strength of Camp Sherman at different dates is shown in Chart 16. Owing to large increments within the first 30 days the strength rose to 35,000 and remained at about this point until, in the middle of December, it was increased by transfers and a small draft contingent to nearly 40,000. Of this number 2,032 were colored troops, which arrived in November; to these additions were made, bringing the total up to 3,314 colored troops in December. The leading diseases at Camp Sherman are shown in Table 24. TABLE NO. 24.--Admissions and deaths, infectious diseases, Camp Sherman, 1917. Figures in parentheses indicate number of colored troops in veneral disease only. * In the table of "admissions" (Table 48) these cases are charged against the Third Ohio Infantry. Admissions for gonococcus infection reached 1,140 from September till December, a total exceeded only by Camp Lewis and Camp Travis. All three camps housed a large population not augmented greatly by later draft contingents. Camp Sherman had a relatively high percentage of negro troops, which brought in a disproportionately large number of infections. An epidemic of measles started in December with 149 cases and lid not abate until the middle of January, but it was of a mild type and no pneumonia followed. Thirteen cases of typhoid fever developed in the cantonment durng the year. Of these, 12 cases were in Company H, Third Ohio Inantry. This company arrived at Camp Sherman on August 16 and mmediately went into barracks. The company had been in camp at Springfield, Lima, and Tiffin, Ohio, for four and one-half months loing guard duty. A condemned well was near the camp site at Springfield, and the men frequently drank water from this well. All hese cases were in men who had not received typhoid prophylaxis, and all developed between August 21 and September 5. One case In the table of "admissions" (Table 48) these cases are charged against the Third Ohio Infantry. 87894-18-5 |