out of the evolutionary and into the revolutionary stage and that is where the rigidity set in. As a matter of fact, the social system, the governmental organization, business organizations, and even the educational institutions have become as rigid as many of the government institutions.

Mr. Ash: I think you miss the point of my question. I am not necessarily concerned with. what is happening to the space industry. I am concerned with what is happening to other industries as a result of byproducts from spaceindustry developments. If my son wanted to be a machinist or mechanic, about the only trade I would pick for him would be a "body and fender man" in an automobile shop, because as long as freeways are built, there will be smashed fenders. I do not think they will ever make a car that will not break up, and he would have a job from here on out. But I am concerned with the byproducts of what you are developing in NASA and the space industry that are going to be used by other industries.

Mr. Kelso: The question, I take it, is: What is the effect of technology, more accelerated technology, coming out of the space program? The picture is probably darker than Mr. Ash has painted it. The President's first report under the Manpower Act of 1962 has just been released, and in it he points out that between 1947 and 1957, the economy generated 700,000 jobs a year. From 1957 to 1962, the rate dropped to less than 175,000. But that is only one side of it. The number of new entrants in the labor force is growing each year and will grow each year for the next decade-by 13 million, according to this manpower report, during the 1960's and by another 7 million between 1970 and 1975. The problem of labor unions is, or should be, much bigger than just the problem of retraining their own members. They certainly should be concerned about that, but unions. should also be concerned about those who have no other means of participating in the production of wealth and who are going to be part of the labor force and will not get jobs in the future. The general figure of unemployment today is about 6 percent, but among teenage children it is about 20 percent. Among teenage Negro children it is about 25 percent. And this

is in spite of all of the efforts that have been made to cover up the effects of unemployment: enormous feather-bedding in some instances, and all kinds of industrial attempts out of good will, without any question—to hold people in industry until they die off, though they will not be replaced. Someone mentioned Erma. It will be a long time before any bank clerks are hired; the banks are going to keep those that are displaced by Erma.

Labor organizations had better begin to prepare now for the fact that the purpose of technology is to eliminate labor. If they want to participate in production as producers, they had better begin to agitate for techniques of finance whereby they can acquire, buy, pay for, and employ capital. The capital instrument is supplanting man in the production of wealth.

I define a capitalist as a man who receives from capital sources at least half the income that he spends on consumption. Now, that is a fair definition. By this definition, one-half of 1 percent of the American population are capitalists.

Mr. Haber: I certainly appreciate the remarks that the panelists have made, and I am quite sympathetic to Mr. Kelso's remarks. I would like to call your attention to the fact that the so-called technological revolution occurred, in fact, prior to the so-called space age.

Mr. Kelso: Mere acceleration.

Mr. Haber: That is right. We were in the age before many of us-in fact, almost all of us— appreciated what had happened. Whether you like it or not, it will not go away. We might shut off one program or another, but it is here; it is feeding on itself. The accumulation of knowledge that has been generated is snowballing—and this, in fact, does present a very real problem.

The problem is further aggravated by the fact and this fact disturbs me-that there is a tendency to say that if the space programs only went away, this wealth could be employed elsewhere. The problem is far more serious than that. Until there is an educated electorate who can approach the social problems we are faced with on the basis of knowledge and freedom from prejudice, we will not solve this problem. If the modern age has done nothing more for us,

it has generated an intense preoccupation with education. This is obviously no solution to the overall problem, but at least it is a very important step. I think that our training programs will help, but they are a drop in the bucket.

H. D. Lowrey: I would hate to think that we would stop the space program right now so that we could do something differently for a group of people who, I believe, are supported best by this particular method. The last thing we can possibly afford is to stop it. It is doing more than any other one thing I can see at this time to produce a new and different technology. In our particular company in the South, we are training a good many people for a brandnew kind of thing in a brandnew area-in a brandnew part of this country that has never experienced anything like this before. It will bring a new concept of living and a new idea. for this area of the South.

I think that it can do wonders to increase our overall capability for learning, for doing, and for accomplishing things for the average man-the one that needs the union for his support and wants it.

Mr. Johnson: I agree there is an unemployment problem; unemployment is actually increasing, rather than decreasing. But I do not believe that technology has the responsibility for the increase in unemployment, and this is what

seems to be coming out of this discussion. Without these new technologies, without the billion-dollar electronic industry which is one of the things that is supposedly throwing some people out of work, we would really have unemployment. The technologies have helped, rather than hurt.

Mr. Kelso: The last thing I would advocate is a cessation of the space industry, nor do I say it is the responsibility of technology to provide employment. I say just the reverse; its purpose is to eliminate employment. But the conclusion that should be distilled from my remarks is simply this: It is important that we take a look at our political, economic, and legal structure in order that we may simultaneously build the economic power to consume as we build the industrial power to produce. If we do that in the space age, we can afford any other kind of age. This is where we should focus our attention. As I have said, I think the big culprit lies in the world of finance.

Mr. Lacklen: I would like to reiterate that a higher percentage of our work force needs to be more highly trained. Those with the lower levels of skills, unless they can raise their level. are going to be permanently unemployed. Because of the nature of our society, a higher and higher percentage of skilled workers will be required. Our real problem is to train people who are unskilled.

This panel session has been labeled the summary session, and perhaps in some respects we can call it "the last roundup." I would prefer to call it an interpretive summary because, knowing the panelists, I am sure that they will summarize in the light of their own interpretation of what they have heard and seen at this conference. Much of substance has been said, and many good ideas have been expressed that bear on the objectives of this conference. If all these words are to be translated into action, much continuous effort will be required on the part of many people. A permanent committee has just been established to insure this effort.

I would like to think of this panel as the first step in the distillation process to extract from all that has been said some of the good ideas

and to put them in specific form. It is hoped that one or more specific recommendations will be made for action that might be taken in the future through the permanent committee that is being formed.

I would like to refer to the specific question of our panel, "What Immediate Progress Can Be Made To Apply New Space and Scientific Technology to Greater Use in Our Urban and Industrial Communities?" It seems to me that the desired emphasis should be on the word "immediate." This panel will try to identify some of the areas in which immediate progress can be made. Each of these panelists was assigned to cover one of the panel sessions, and each will distill from the proceedings of that panel what he thinks was most important.

Richard E. Horner: My assignment was to monitor and summarize the panel entitled "Developing and Maintaining Open Channels of Communications Between the Laboratory, Industry, and the Community."

Certainly it is a complex question and one that every industrial concern is very much aware of, especially if there exists in the company a central laboratory. Just the process of transferring information within the company from the operating division to the central laboratory and back has always been a major problem.

The keynote speaker of the panel, Dr. George Simpson, suggested that there are three categories of communications channels-communi

cations needs of significance. One is the daily problem of the laboratory investigator's communication with his line of management, and the reverse. This channel is essential to afford sympathetic understanding by management for the provision of resources, and it is important in the other direction to insure proper usage of the information generated by the investigator.

The second communication need concerns the mass communications problem, the mass of information generated by the tremendous research and development program in this nation and its communication to the large body of interested people. This, of course is the classical education problem.